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Physics: Units and Measurement
SI units Significant figures Errors in measurement Least count: vernier callipers and screw gauge Dimensions of physical quantities Dimensional formulae and equations Dimensional analysis
Physics: Motion in a Straight Line
Frame of reference and displacement Velocity and speed Acceleration Equations of motion Relative velocity
Physics: Motion in a Plane
Scalars and vectors Multiplying a vector by a number Adding vectors graphically Resolution of vectors Adding vectors by components Position, velocity and acceleration in a plane Constant acceleration in a plane Projectile motion Uniform circular motion
Physics: Laws of Motion
Aristotle’s fallacy Law of inertia Newton’s first law Newton’s second law Newton’s third law Conservation of momentum Equilibrium of a particle Friction Dynamics of circular motion Solving problems in mechanics
Physics: Work, Energy and Power
Scalar product Work-energy theorem Work Kinetic energy Work done by a variable force Work-energy theorem (variable force) Potential energy Conservation of mechanical energy Potential energy of a spring Power Collisions
Physics: Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion
Rigid body motion Centre of mass Motion of the centre of mass Momentum of a system Vector product Angular velocity Torque and angular momentum Equilibrium of a rigid body Experiment: mass with a metre scale Moment of inertia Parallel and perpendicular axes Rotational kinematics Rotational dynamics Angular momentum about an axis
Physics: Gravitation
Kepler’s laws Universal law of gravitation Gravitational constant Acceleration due to gravity Variation of g Gravitational potential energy Escape speed Earth satellites Energy of an orbiting satellite
Physics: Mechanical Properties of Solids
Elasticity and plasticity Stress and strain Hooke’s law Stress-strain curve Elastic moduli Experiment: Young’s modulus of a wire Applications of elastic behaviour
Physics: Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Pressure in fluids Streamline and turbulent flow Bernoulli’s principle Viscosity Experiment: viscosity from terminal velocity Surface tension Experiment: surface tension by capillary rise
Physics: Thermal Properties of Matter
Temperature and heat Measuring temperature Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature Thermal expansion Specific heat capacity Calorimetry Experiment: specific heat by the method of mixtures Change of state Heat transfer Newton’s law of cooling
Physics: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium Zeroth law of thermodynamics Heat, internal energy and work First law of thermodynamics Specific heat capacity of solids, water and gases State variables and equation of state Thermodynamic processes Second law of thermodynamics Reversible and irreversible processes Carnot engine
Physics: Kinetic Theory
Molecular nature of matter Behaviour of gases Kinetic theory of an ideal gas Law of equipartition of energy Specific heat capacity from kinetic theory Mean free path
Physics: Oscillations
Periodic and oscillatory motion Simple harmonic motion SHM and uniform circular motion Velocity and acceleration in SHM Force law for SHM Energy in SHM The simple pendulum Experiment: simple pendulum and loss of energy
Physics: Waves
Wave motion Transverse and longitudinal waves Displacement relation for a progressive wave Speed of a travelling wave Principle of superposition of waves Reflection of waves and standing waves Experiment: speed of sound with a resonance tube Beats
Physics: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric charge Conductors and insulators Basic properties of electric charge Coulomb’s law Forces between multiple charges Electric field Electric field lines Electric flux Electric dipole Dipole in a uniform field Continuous charge distribution Gauss’s law Applications of Gauss’s law
Physics: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electrostatic potential energy Electrostatic potential Potential due to a point charge Potential due to a dipole Potential due to a system of charges Equipotential surfaces Potential energy of a system of charges Potential energy in an external field Electrostatics of conductors Dielectrics and polarisation Capacitors and capacitance The parallel plate capacitor Effect of a dielectric on capacitance Combination of capacitors Energy stored in a capacitor
Physics: Current Electricity
Electric current Electric currents in conductors Ohm’s law Experiment: resistance using Ohm’s law Drift of electrons Limitations of Ohm’s law Resistivity of various materials Temperature dependence of resistivity Electrical energy and power Combination of resistors Cells, emf and internal resistance Cells in series and in parallel Kirchhoff’s rules Wheatstone bridge Metre bridge
Physics: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Magnetic force Motion in a magnetic field Biot–Savart law Field on the axis of a loop Ampere’s circuital law The solenoid Force between parallel currents Torque on a current loop Moving coil galvanometer Experiment: galvanometer resistance
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
The bar magnet Gauss’s law for magnetism Magnetisation and magnetic intensity Magnetic properties of materials
Physics: Electromagnetic Induction
Experiments of Faraday and Henry Magnetic flux Faraday’s law of induction Lenz’s law Motional emf Eddy currents Inductance AC generator
Physics: Alternating Current
AC voltage applied to a resistor Phasors AC voltage applied to an inductor AC voltage applied to a capacitor Series LCR circuit Power in ac circuits Transformers
Physics: Electromagnetic Waves
Displacement current Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic spectrum
Physics: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Spherical mirrors Refraction Experiment: glass slab Total internal reflection Lenses Experiment: focal lengths Prism Experiment: prism i–δ graph Optical instruments
Physics: Wave Optics
Huygens principle Refraction and reflection by Huygens principle Coherent and incoherent addition Young’s double-slit experiment Diffraction Polarisation Brewster’s law
Physics: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Electron emission Photoelectric effect Experimental study of the photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect and the wave theory Einstein’s photoelectric equation Photon Wave nature of matter
Physics: Atoms
Rutherford’s nuclear model Atomic spectra Bohr model Line spectra of hydrogen De Broglie and Bohr’s postulate
Physics: Nuclei
Composition of the nucleus Size of the nucleus Binding energy Nuclear force Radioactivity Nuclear energy
Physics: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Metals, insulators and semiconductors Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor p-n junction Semiconductor diode Junction diode as a rectifier Zener diode LED, photodiode and solar cell Experiment: identifying components Logic gates
Chemistry: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Importance of chemistry Nature of matter Properties of matter Uncertainty in measurement Laws of chemical combination Dalton’s atomic theory Atomic and molecular masses Mole concept Percentage composition Stoichiometry
Chemistry: Structure of Atom
Sub-atomic particles Atomic models Developments leading to Bohr’s model Bohr’s model Towards the quantum mechanical model Quantum mechanical model
Chemistry: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Why classify elements? Genesis of periodic classification Modern periodic law Naming elements above 100 Configurations and the periodic table s, p, d and f blocks Periodic trends
Chemistry: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Kössel–Lewis approach Ionic bond Bond parameters VSEPR theory Valence bond theory Hybridisation Molecular orbital theory Homonuclear diatomic molecules Hydrogen bonding Metallic bonding
Chemistry: Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic terms Work, enthalpy and heat capacity Calorimetry Reaction enthalpy and Hess’s law Combustion, bond and lattice enthalpies Enthalpy of neutralization Experiment: enthalpy of solution of copper sulphate Spontaneity, entropy and Gibbs energy Gibbs energy and equilibrium
Chemistry: Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical processes Dynamic equilibrium in chemical processes Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant Homogeneous equilibria Heterogeneous equilibria Applications of equilibrium constants Equilibrium constant, reaction quotient and Gibbs energy Factors affecting equilibria Ionic equilibrium in solution Acids, bases and salts Ionization of acids and bases Experiment: acid-base titration with an indicator Buffer solutions Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts
Chemistry: Redox Reactions
Classical idea of oxidation and reduction Redox reactions as electron transfer Oxidation number Redox reactions and electrode processes
Chemistry: Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques
General introduction to organic chemistry Tetravalence of carbon and shapes Structural representations Classification of organic compounds IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds Isomerism Organic reaction mechanism Purification of organic compounds Qualitative analysis of organic compounds Quantitative analysis
Chemistry: Hydrocarbons
Classification of hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Aromatic hydrocarbons Carcinogenicity and toxicity
Chemistry: Solutions
Types of solutions Concentration of solutions Solubility Vapour pressure of solutions Ideal and non-ideal solutions Colligative properties Abnormal molar masses
Chemistry: Electrochemistry
Electrochemical cells Galvanic cells Nernst equation Conductance of electrolytic solutions Electrolytic cells and electrolysis Batteries Fuel cells Corrosion
Chemistry: Chemical Kinetics
Rate of a chemical reaction Factors influencing rate Experiment: iodide and hydrogen peroxide Integrated rate equations Temperature dependence of rate Collision theory
Chemistry: The p-Block Elements
Group 13 elements Group 14 elements Group 15 elements Group 16 elements Group 17 elements Group 18 elements
Chemistry: The d- and f-Block Elements
Position in the periodic table Electronic configurations Occurrence General properties Important compounds Experiment: KMnO₄ titrations Lanthanoids Actinoids Applications
Chemistry: Coordination Compounds
Werner’s theory Experiment: double salts Ligands and other terms Nomenclature Isomerism Bonding: VBT and CFT Metal carbonyls Importance and applications
Chemistry: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
Classification Nomenclature Nature of C–X bond Preparation of haloalkanes Preparation of haloarenes Physical properties Chemical reactions Polyhalogen compounds
Chemistry: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Classification Nomenclature Structures of functional groups Alcohols and phenols Experiment: tests for –OH groups Commercially important alcohols Ethers
Chemistry: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Carbonyl group: names and structure Preparation of aldehydes and ketones Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones Reactions of aldehydes and ketones Experiment: tests for aldehydes and ketones Experiment: preparation of iodoform Uses of aldehydes and ketones Carboxyl group: names and structure Preparation of carboxylic acids Physical properties of carboxylic acids Chemical reactions of carboxylic acids Experiment: tests for the carboxyl group Uses of carboxylic acids
Chemistry: Amines
Structure of amines Classification of amines Nomenclature of amines Preparation of amines Physical properties of amines Chemical reactions of amines Experiment: tests for the amino group Experiment: preparation of acetanilide and p-nitroacetanilide Preparation of diazonium salts Physical properties of diazonium salts Chemical reactions of diazonium salts Experiment: preparation of aniline yellow Diazonium salts in the synthesis of aromatic compounds
Chemistry: Biomolecules
Carbohydrates Proteins Enzymes Vitamins Nucleic acids Hormones
Chemistry: Practical Chemistry
Experiment: preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols Experiment: salt analysis, anions Experiment: salt analysis, cations
Mathematics: Sets
Sets and their representations The empty set Finite and infinite sets Equal sets Subsets Power set Universal set Venn diagrams Operations on sets Complement of a set
Mathematics: Relations and Functions
Cartesian product Relations Functions
Mathematics: Trigonometric Functions
Angles Trigonometric functions Sum and difference formulas
Mathematics: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations
Complex numbers Algebra of complex numbers Modulus and conjugate The Argand plane Argument and polar form Quadratic equations
Mathematics: Linear Inequalities
Inequalities Solving linear inequalities
Mathematics: Permutations and Combinations
Fundamental principle of counting Permutations Combinations
Mathematics: Binomial Theorem
Binomial theorem General and middle terms
Mathematics: Sequences and Series
Sequences Series Arithmetic progression Geometric progression A.M. and G.M.
Mathematics: Straight Lines
Coordinate geometry basics Locus Slope of a line Forms of the equation of a line Distance of a point from a line Intersection of lines and triangle centres
Mathematics: Conic Sections
Sections of a cone Circle Circle: diameter form and a line Parabola Ellipse Hyperbola
Mathematics: Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry
Coordinate axes and planes Coordinates of a point in space Distance between two points Section formula in 3D
Mathematics: Limits and Derivatives
Intuitive idea of derivatives Limits Limits of trigonometric functions Derivatives
Mathematics: Statistics
Mean, median and mode Mode Measures of dispersion Range Mean deviation Variance and SD
Mathematics: Probability
Events Axiomatic probability
Mathematics: Relations and Functions (Class 12)
Types of relations Types of functions Composition and inverse
Mathematics: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Principal value branches Properties
Mathematics: Matrices
Matrix and order Types of matrices Operations on matrices Transpose of a matrix Symmetric and skew symmetric Invertible matrices
Mathematics: Determinants
Determinant Area of a triangle Minors and cofactors Adjoint and inverse Solving linear systems
Mathematics: Continuity and Differentiability
Continuity Differentiability Exponential and log functions Logarithmic differentiation Parametric derivatives Second order derivative
Mathematics: Application of Derivatives
Rate of change Increasing and decreasing Maxima and minima
Mathematics: Integrals
Anti derivatives Substitution and identities Particular integrals Partial fractions Integration by parts Definite integral Fundamental theorem Substitution with limits Properties of definite integrals
Mathematics: Application of Integrals
Area under curves Area between curves
Mathematics: Differential Equations
Order and degree General and particular solutions Solving first order equations
Mathematics: Vector Algebra
Vectors: basic concepts Types of vectors Addition of vectors Scalar multiple and components Dot and cross products
Mathematics: Three Dimensional Geometry
Direction cosines and ratios Equation of a line in space Angle between two lines Shortest distance between lines Line of shortest distance
Mathematics: Linear Programming
Linear programming problems
Mathematics: Probability (Class 12)
Conditional probability Multiplication theorem Independent events Bayes’ theorem Probability distribution
Biology: The Living World
What is living? Diversity in the living world Taxonomic categories
Biology: Biological Classification
Five kingdom classification Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Viruses, viroids, prions and lichens
Biology: Plant Kingdom
Algae Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Biology: Animal Kingdom
Basis of classification Classification of animals
Biology: Morphology of Flowering Plants
The root Modifications of root The stem Modifications of stem The leaf Modifications of leaf Inflorescence The flower The fruit The seed Semi-technical description Family Solanaceae Family Malvaceae Family Cruciferae Family Leguminosae Family Compositae Family Gramineae
Biology: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
Plant tissues Tissue systems Dicot and monocot anatomy
Biology: Structural Organisation in Animals
Animal tissues Organs and organ systems Frog
Biology: Cell: The Unit of Life
What is a cell? Cell theory Overview of the cell Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
Biology: Biomolecules
Chemical composition Primary and secondary metabolites Biomacromolecules Proteins Polysaccharides Nucleic acids Structure of proteins Enzymes
Biology: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell cycle Mitosis (M phase) Significance of mitosis Meiosis Significance of meiosis
Biology: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
What photosynthesis needs Early experiments Site of photosynthesis Photosynthetic pigments Light reaction Electron transport Calvin cycle C₄ pathway Photorespiration Factors affecting photosynthesis
Biology: Respiration in Plants
Do plants breathe? Glycolysis Fermentation Aerobic respiration The respiratory balance sheet Amphibolic pathway Respiratory quotient
Biology: Plant Growth and Development
Seed germination Growth Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation Development Plant growth regulators
Biology: Breathing and Exchange of Gases
Respiratory organs Mechanism of breathing Exchange of gases Transport of gases Regulation of respiration Disorders of respiratory system
Biology: Body Fluids and Circulation
Blood Lymph (tissue fluid) Circulatory pathways Double circulation Regulation of cardiac activity Disorders of the circulatory system
Biology: Excretory Products and Their Elimination
Modes of excretion Human excretory system Urine formation Functions of the tubules Counter current mechanism Regulation of kidney function Micturition Other organs in excretion Disorders of the excretory system
Biology: Locomotion and Movement
Types of movement Muscle and muscle contraction Skeletal system Joints Disorders of muscles and bones
Biology: Neural Control and Coordination
Neural system and coordination Human neural system Neuron and the nerve impulse Central neural system: the brain
Biology: Chemical Coordination and Integration
Endocrine glands and hormones Human endocrine system Hormones of heart, kidney and gut Mechanism of hormone action
Biology: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower: a fascinating organ Pre-fertilisation: structures and events Double fertilisation Post-fertilisation: structures and events Apomixis and polyembryony
Biology: Human Reproduction
The male reproductive system The female reproductive system Gametogenesis Menstrual cycle Fertilisation and implantation Pregnancy and embryonic development Parturition and lactation
Biology: Reproductive Health
Reproductive health: problems and strategies Population stabilisation and birth control Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Infertility and assisted reproduction
Biology: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Mendel’s experiments Inheritance of one gene Inheritance of two genes Polygenic inheritance Pleiotropy Sex determination Mutation Genetic disorders
Biology: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
DNA: structure and packaging Search for genetic material RNA world DNA replication Transcription Genetic code Translation Regulation of gene expression Human Genome Project DNA fingerprinting
Biology: Evolution
Origin of life Evolution of life forms Evidences for evolution Adaptive radiation Biological evolution Mechanism of evolution Hardy–Weinberg principle Modern synthetic theory A brief account of evolution Origin and evolution of man
Biology: Human Health and Disease
Health and disease Common diseases in humans Dengue and chikungunya Immunity HIV and AIDS Cancer Drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse
Biology: Microbes in Human Welfare
Microbes in household products Microbes in industrial products Microbes in sewage treatment Microbes in biogas production Microbes as biocontrol agents Microbes as biofertilisers
Biology: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
Principles of biotechnology Tools of recombinant DNA technology Processes of recombinant DNA technology
Biology: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Biotechnology in agriculture Biotechnology in medicine Transgenic animals Ethical issues
Biology: Organisms and Populations
Populations
Biology: Ecosystem
Structure and function Productivity Decomposition Energy flow Ecological pyramids
Biology: Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity Biodiversity conservation Red Data Book