NEET Class 12 syllabus
The Class 12 part of the NEET (UG) syllabus by chapter: each topic of Physics, Chemistry and Biology with its NCERT section, or marked beyond NCERT.
- 39 chapters
- 287 topics
- 284 in NEET
- 3 not in NEET
- 37 beyond NCERT
- 287 with notes
- 0 marked done
Based on the official Syllabus for NEET (UG) 2026 (National Medical Commission) and the NCERT Class 12 books, reprint 2026-27 and 2025-26. Checked 19 Oct 2026. Sources
- Not in NEET
- In the NCERT book, not in the NEET syllabus.
- Beyond NCERT
- In the NEET syllabus; the Class 12 book has no section for it.
- Linked title
- The topic has study notes.
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Physics
14 chapters 119 topics 118 in NEET
1.1–1.2
3 subtopics
- Positive and negative charges
- Charging by rubbing
- The gold-leaf electroscope
pp. 1–3
1.3
2 subtopics
- Free charges in conductors
- Semiconductors as a third category
pp. 3–4
1.4
3 subtopics
- 1.4.1 Additivity of charges
- 1.4.2 Charge is conserved
- 1.4.3 Quantisation of charge
pp. 4–6
1.5
4 subtopics
- Force between two point charges
- Permittivity of free space
- Coulomb’s law in vector form
- Comparison with the gravitational force
pp. 6–11
1.6
1 subtopic
- Principle of superposition
pp. 11–14
1.7
3 subtopics
- Field of a point charge
- 1.7.1 Electric field due to a system of charges
- 1.7.2 Physical significance of electric field
pp. 14–19
1.8
2 subtopics
- Field lines start on positive and end on negative charges
- Field lines never cross
pp. 19–21
1.9
2 subtopics
- Area vector
- Flux through an area element
pp. 21–23
1.10
4 subtopics
- 1.10.1 The field of an electric dipole
- Dipole moment p = q × 2a
- Field falls as 1/r at large distances
- 1.10.2 Physical significance of dipoles
pp. 23–27
1.11
Dipole in a uniform field
NCERT: Dipole in a Uniform External Field
2 subtopics
- Torque on a dipole
- Net force on a dipole in a non-uniform field
pp. 27–28
1.12
1 subtopic
- Linear, surface and volume charge densities
pp. 28–29
1.13
2 subtopics
- Statement of Gauss’s law
- Gaussian surface
pp. 29–32
1.14
3 subtopics
- 1.14.1 Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire
- 1.14.2 Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
- 1.14.3 Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell
pp. 33–37
NCERT Physics Part I, Chapter 2
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
NEET Unit 11: Electrostatics
2.1
Electrostatic potential energy
NCERT: Introduction
3 subtopics
- The electrostatic force is conservative
- Potential energy difference as work done
- Zero of potential energy at infinity
pp. 45–47
2.2
2 subtopics
- Potential as work done per unit charge
- Potential difference
pp. 47–48
2.3
1 subtopic
- Potential falls as 1/r, the field as 1/r
pp. 48–49
2.4
Potential due to a dipole
NCERT: Potential due to an Electric Dipole
2 subtopics
- Potential on the axis and on the equatorial plane
- Potential falls as 1/r
pp. 49–51
2.5
2 subtopics
- Superposition of potentials
- Potential of a uniformly charged spherical shell
pp. 51–53
2.6
2 subtopics
- Equipotentials of a point charge and of a uniform field
- 2.6.1 Relation between field and potential
pp. 54–55
2.7
2 subtopics
- Two point charges
- Three or more charges
pp. 55–58
2.8
3 subtopics
- 2.8.1 Potential energy of a single charge
- 2.8.2 Potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field
- 2.8.3 Potential energy of a dipole in an external field
pp. 58–61
2.9
4 subtopics
- Zero field inside a conductor
- Charge resides on the surface
- Field just outside the surface
- Electrostatic shielding
pp. 61–65
2.10
2 subtopics
- Polar and non-polar molecules
- Polarisation and electric susceptibility
pp. 65–67
2.11
3 subtopics
- Capacitance C = Q/V
- Unit: the farad
- Dielectric strength
pp. 67–68
2.12
1 subtopic
- C = εA/d
pp. 68–69
2.13
2 subtopics
- Dielectric constant
- Capacitance with a dielectric between the plates
pp. 69–71
2.14
2 subtopics
- 2.14.1 Capacitors in series
- 2.14.2 Capacitors in parallel
pp. 71–73
2.15
2 subtopics
- Energy as work done in charging
- Energy density of the electric field
pp. 73–76
NCERT Physics Part I, Chapter 3
Current Electricity
NEET Unit 12: Current Electricity
NEET Unit 20: Experimental Skills
3.1–3.2
2 subtopics
- Current as the rate of flow of charge
- Unit: the ampere
pp. 81–82
3.3
3 subtopics
- Free electrons in metals
- No net current without a field
- Current under an applied field
pp. 82–83
3.4
4 subtopics
- V = RI
- Resistance and resistivity
- Current density
- Conductivity
pp. 83–85
Experiment: resistance using Ohm’s law
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (3.4) but does not describe the method.
2 subtopics
- Voltmeter-ammeter circuit with a rheostat
- Resistance from the V-I graph
3.5
4 subtopics
- Relaxation time
- Drift velocity
- Current in terms of drift velocity
- 3.5.1 Mobility
pp. 85–89
3.6
2 subtopics
- Non-ohmic conductors and devices
- V-I graphs that are not straight lines
p. 89
3.7
1 subtopic
- Conductors, semiconductors and insulators
pp. 89–90
3.8
2 subtopics
- Temperature coefficient of resistivity
- Metals, nichrome and semiconductors
pp. 90–92
3.9
Electrical energy and power
NCERT: Electrical Energy, Power
2 subtopics
- Power dissipated in a resistor
- Power loss in transmission lines
pp. 92–93
Combination of resistors
Beyond NCERT
Listed in NEET Unit 12; the 2026–27 NCERT book has no section on it.
3 subtopics
- Resistors in series
- Resistors in parallel
- Equivalent resistance of a network
3.10
Cells, emf and internal resistance
NCERT: Cells, emf, Internal Resistance
3 subtopics
- Emf of a cell
- Internal resistance
- Terminal potential difference
pp. 93–95
3.11
3 subtopics
- Cells in series
- Cells in parallel
- Equivalent emf and internal resistance
pp. 95–97
3.12
2 subtopics
- Junction rule
- Loop rule
pp. 97–100
3.13
2 subtopics
- Balance condition
- Finding an unknown resistance
pp. 100–102
Metre bridge
Beyond NCERT
The metre bridge is in NEET Unit 12 and the resistivity experiment with it in Unit 20; the NCERT book only names it, at the end of its Wheatstone bridge section.
4 subtopics
- A Wheatstone bridge with a uniform one-metre wire
- Balance length and the unknown resistance
- End corrections
- Resistivity from the resistance, length and diameter
NCERT Physics Part I, Chapter 4
Moving Charges and Magnetism
NEET Unit 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
NEET Unit 20: Experimental Skills
4.1–4.2
4 subtopics
- 4.2.1 Sources and fields
- 4.2.2 Magnetic field, Lorentz force
- Unit of magnetic field: the tesla
- 4.2.3 Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor
pp. 107–111
4.3
3 subtopics
- Circular motion perpendicular to the field
- Radius and angular frequency of the path
- Helical motion
pp. 112–113
4.4
Biot–Savart law
NCERT: Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law
2 subtopics
- Field of a current element
- Permeability of free space
pp. 113–115
4.5
Field on the axis of a loop
NCERT: Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
3 subtopics
- Field on the axis
- Field at the centre of the loop
- Right-hand thumb rule for the field
pp. 115–117
4.6
2 subtopics
- Statement of the law
- Field of an infinitely long straight wire
pp. 117–121
4.7
1 subtopic
- Field inside a long solenoid
pp. 121–122
4.8
Force between parallel currents
NCERT: Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere
2 subtopics
- Parallel currents attract, antiparallel currents repel
- Definition of the ampere
pp. 122–124
4.9
3 subtopics
- 4.9.1 Torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field
- Magnetic moment of a current loop
- 4.9.2 Circular current loop as a magnetic dipole
pp. 124–129
4.10
4 subtopics
- Coil in a radial magnetic field
- Conversion to an ammeter with a shunt
- Conversion to a voltmeter
- Current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity
pp. 129–132
Experiment: galvanometer resistance
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (4.10) but does not describe the method.
2 subtopics
- Half-deflection method
- Figure of merit: current per division
NCERT Physics Part I, Chapter 5
Magnetism and Matter
NEET Unit 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
5.1–5.2
5 subtopics
- 5.2.1 The magnetic field lines
- 5.2.2 Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
- 5.2.3 The dipole in a uniform magnetic field
- 5.2.4 The electrostatic analog
- Field of a bar magnet on its axis and on its equator
pp. 136–142
5.3
Gauss’s law for magnetism
NCERT: Magnetism and Gauss’s Law
Not named in Unit 13; it states what the magnetic field lines show: with no isolated poles, the net flux through any closed surface is zero.
2 subtopics
- Net magnetic flux through a closed surface is zero
- No isolated magnetic poles
pp. 142–145
5.4
Magnetisation and magnetic intensity
Not named in Unit 13; its susceptibility sorts the para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances.
3 subtopics
- Magnetisation M
- Magnetic intensity H
- Susceptibility and relative permeability
pp. 145–147
5.5
5 subtopics
- 5.5.1 Diamagnetism
- 5.5.2 Paramagnetism
- 5.5.3 Ferromagnetism
- Hard and soft ferromagnets
- Effect of temperature on magnetic properties
pp. 147–149
NCERT Physics Part I, Chapter 6
Electromagnetic Induction
NEET Unit 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
6.1–6.2
2 subtopics
- A magnet moved near a coil
- A changing current in a nearby coil
pp. 154–156
6.3
2 subtopics
- Flux Φ = B·A
- Unit: the weber
pp. 156–157
6.4
2 subtopics
- Induced emf equals the rate of change of flux
- Emf of a closely wound coil
pp. 157–159
6.5
2 subtopics
- Direction of the induced current
- Lenz’s law as energy conservation
pp. 160–162
6.6
Motional emf
NCERT: Motional Electromotive Force
2 subtopics
- Emf of a rod moving in a magnetic field
- Motional emf from the Lorentz force
pp. 162–165
Eddy currents
Beyond NCERT
Listed in NEET Unit 14; the 2026–27 NCERT book has no section on it and names it only as a transformer loss.
3 subtopics
- Eddy currents in a moving metal plate
- Reducing them with laminated cores
- Uses: magnetic braking, damping and induction furnaces
6.7
4 subtopics
- 6.7.1 Mutual inductance
- 6.7.2 Self-inductance
- Back emf
- Energy stored in an inductor
pp. 165–170
6.8
2 subtopics
- A coil rotating in a magnetic field
- Emf ε = NBAω sin ωt
pp. 170–172
NCERT Physics Part I, Chapter 7
Alternating Current
NEET Unit 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
7.2
3 subtopics
- Current in phase with the voltage
- Average power over a cycle
- RMS current and voltage
pp. 178–180
7.3
Phasors
NCERT: Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors — Phasors
1 subtopic
- Phasor diagram
p. 181
7.4
3 subtopics
- Current lags the voltage by π/2
- Inductive reactance
- Zero average power in an inductor
pp. 181–183
7.5
3 subtopics
- Current leads the voltage by π/2
- Capacitive reactance
- Zero average power in a capacitor
pp. 184–186
7.6
Series LCR circuit
NCERT: AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
4 subtopics
- 7.6.1 Phasor-diagram solution
- Impedance
- 7.6.2 Resonance
- Tuning a radio
pp. 186–190
7.7
Power in ac circuits
NCERT: Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
3 subtopics
- Average power and the power factor
- Wattless current
- Power at resonance
pp. 190–193
7.8
3 subtopics
- Step-up and step-down transformers
- Energy losses in a transformer
- Long-distance transmission
pp. 194–196
8.1–8.2
2 subtopics
- Ampere’s law for a charging capacitor
- Ampere–Maxwell law
pp. 201–205
8.3
5 subtopics
- 8.3.1 Sources of electromagnetic waves
- 8.3.2 Nature of electromagnetic waves
- Transverse nature: E and B perpendicular to the direction of travel
- Speed c = 1/√(με) and B = E/c
- Energy carried by electromagnetic waves
pp. 205–208
8.4
7 subtopics
- 8.4.1 Radio waves
- 8.4.2 Microwaves
- 8.4.3 Infrared waves
- 8.4.4 Visible rays
- 8.4.5 Ultraviolet rays
- 8.4.6 X-rays
- 8.4.7 Gamma rays
pp. 208–211
NCERT Physics Part II, Chapter 9
Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
NEET Unit 16: Optics
NEET Unit 20: Experimental Skills
9.2
Spherical mirrors
NCERT: Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
5 subtopics
- Laws of reflection
- 9.2.1 Sign convention
- 9.2.2 Focal length of spherical mirrors
- 9.2.3 The mirror equation
- Linear magnification
pp. 222–228
9.3
2 subtopics
- Snell’s law and refractive index
- Real and apparent depth
pp. 228–229
Experiment: glass slab
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (9.3) but does not describe the method.
2 subtopics
- Real and apparent thickness of the slab
- Refractive index from three microscope readings
9.4
4 subtopics
- Critical angle
- 9.4.1 Total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications
- Totally reflecting prisms
- Optical fibres
pp. 229–232
9.5
Lenses
NCERT: Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses
6 subtopics
- 9.5.1 Refraction at a spherical surface
- 9.5.2 Refraction by a lens
- Lens maker’s formula
- Thin lens formula and magnification
- 9.5.3 Power of a lens
- 9.5.4 Combination of thin lenses in contact
pp. 232–239
Experiment: focal lengths
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (9.2 and 9.5) but does not describe the method.
4 subtopics
- Locating an image by removing parallax
- Concave mirror
- Convex mirror
- Convex lens
9.6
Prism
NCERT: Refraction through a Prism
4 subtopics
- Angle of deviation
- Angle of minimum deviation
- Refractive index from the minimum deviation
- Thin prism
pp. 239–240
Experiment: prism i–δ graph
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (9.6) but does not describe the method.
2 subtopics
- Tracing rays through a prism with pins
- The i-δ graph and the minimum deviation
9.7
7 subtopics
- 9.7.1 The microscope
- Simple microscope
- Compound microscope
- 9.7.2 Telescope
- Refracting telescope
- Reflecting telescope (Cassegrain)
- Magnifying power
pp. 240–246
10.1–10.2
2 subtopics
- Wavefronts: spherical and plane
- Secondary wavelets
pp. 255–258
10.3
Refraction and reflection by Huygens principle
NCERT: Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle
4 subtopics
- 10.3.1 Refraction of a plane wave
- Snell’s law from Huygens principle
- 10.3.2 Refraction at a rarer medium
- 10.3.3 Reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface
pp. 258–262
10.4
4 subtopics
- Coherent sources
- Path difference and phase difference
- Constructive and destructive interference
- Incoherent sources: intensities add
pp. 262–265
10.5
Young’s double-slit experiment
NCERT: Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
NEET Unit 16 lists the expression for fringe width; NCERT gives the fringe positions x = nλD/d, so the fringe width is λD/d.
3 subtopics
- Young’s double-slit arrangement
- Positions of bright and dark fringes
- Bright and dark fringes are equally spaced
pp. 265–266
10.6
Diffraction
NEET Unit 16 lists the width of the central maximum: the gap between the first minima at θ = ±λ/a.
4 subtopics
- 10.6.1 The single slit
- Central maximum at θ = 0, minima at θ = nλ/a (n = ±1, ±2, …)
- Interference and diffraction compared
- 10.6.2 Seeing the single slit diffraction pattern
pp. 266–268
10.7
4 subtopics
- Plane-polarised and unpolarised waves
- Polaroids and the pass axis
- Malus’ law
- Uses of polaroids
pp. 269–271
3 subtopics
- Reflected light fully plane-polarised at the Brewster angle
- Brewster angle: tan iB = μ
- Reflected and refracted rays at right angles
NCERT Physics Part II, Chapter 11
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
NEET Unit 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
11.1–11.2
3 subtopics
- Work function
- The electron volt
- Thermionic, field and photoelectric emission
pp. 274–276
11.3
2 subtopics
- 11.3.1 Hertz’s observations
- 11.3.2 Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s observations
pp. 276–277
11.4
7 subtopics
- The experimental set-up
- 11.4.1 Effect of intensity of light on photocurrent
- 11.4.2 Effect of potential on photoelectric current
- Saturation current
- Stopping potential
- 11.4.3 Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential
- Threshold frequency
pp. 277–280
11.5
1 subtopic
- Why the wave picture fails
pp. 280–281
11.6
4 subtopics
- Energy quantum hν
- Kmax = hν − φ
- Threshold frequency ν = φ/h
- Stopping potential against frequency: slope h/e
pp. 281–283
11.7
Photon
NCERT: Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
2 subtopics
- Energy and momentum of a photon
- Properties of photons
pp. 283–284
11.8
3 subtopics
- De Broglie relation λ = h/p
- De Broglie wavelength of a photon
- Why everyday objects show no wave nature
pp. 284–286
12.1–12.2
Rutherford’s nuclear model
NCERT: Introduction; Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
4 subtopics
- The Geiger-Marsden experiment
- 12.2.1 Alpha-particle trajectory
- Distance of closest approach
- 12.2.2 Electron orbits
pp. 290–296
12.3
2 subtopics
- Emission line spectra
- Absorption spectra
pp. 296–297
12.4
4 subtopics
- Why an orbiting electron should spiral in
- Bohr’s three postulates
- Radius and energy of the orbits
- 12.4.1 Energy levels
pp. 297–300
12.5
2 subtopics
- Photon emitted in a transition: hν = Ei − Ef
- Absorption as an upward transition
pp. 300–301
12.6
De Broglie and Bohr’s postulate
NCERT: De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
2 subtopics
- Standing electron waves on an orbit
- Circumference as a whole number of wavelengths
pp. 301–302
13.2
Composition of the nucleus
NCERT: Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus
3 subtopics
- Atomic mass unit
- Discovery of the neutron
- Isotopes, isobars and isotones
pp. 306–309
13.3
2 subtopics
- R = RA1/3
- Nuclear density
pp. 309–310
13.4
Binding energy
NCERT: Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
4 subtopics
- 13.4.1 Mass-energy
- 13.4.2 Nuclear binding energy
- Mass defect
- Binding energy per nucleon and mass number
pp. 310–313
13.5
Nuclear force
Not named in Unit 18; its short range explains the nearly constant binding energy per nucleon.
2 subtopics
- Short range and charge independence
- Potential energy of a pair of nucleons
pp. 313–314
13.6
Radioactivity
Not in NEET
2 subtopics
- Becquerel’s discovery
- Alpha, beta and gamma decay
p. 314
13.7
4 subtopics
- Energy from the binding energy curve
- 13.7.1 Fission
- 13.7.2 Nuclear fusion – energy generation in stars
- 13.7.3 Controlled thermonuclear fusion
pp. 314–318
NCERT Physics Part II, Chapter 14
Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
NEET Unit 19: Electronic Devices
NEET Unit 20: Experimental Skills
14.1–14.2
Metals, insulators and semiconductors
NCERT: Introduction; Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors
3 subtopics
- Classification by conductivity
- Valence and conduction bands
- Band gap
pp. 323–327
14.3
2 subtopics
- Electrons and holes
- Thermal generation of carriers
pp. 327–329
14.4
3 subtopics
- Doping
- n-type semiconductor and donors
- p-type semiconductor and acceptors
pp. 329–332
14.5
4 subtopics
- 14.5.1 p-n junction formation
- Diffusion and drift
- Depletion region
- Barrier potential
pp. 333–334
14.6
Semiconductor diode
The p-n junction characteristic curves are a NEET Unit 20 experiment; this section gives the circuit and method.
5 subtopics
- 14.6.1 p-n junction diode under forward bias
- 14.6.2 p-n junction diode under reverse bias
- Circuit for the V-I characteristics
- Threshold voltage and breakdown voltage
- Dynamic resistance
pp. 334–337
14.7
Junction diode as a rectifier
NCERT: Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier
3 subtopics
- Half-wave rectifier
- Full-wave rectifier with a centre-tap transformer
- Capacitor filter
pp. 338–340
Zener diode
Beyond NCERT
Listed in NEET Unit 19, and its characteristic curve is a Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has no section on it.
4 subtopics
- Reverse breakdown in a heavily doped junction
- I-V characteristic and the reverse breakdown voltage
- Circuit for the characteristic curve
- Zener diode as a voltage regulator
LED, photodiode and solar cell
Beyond NCERT
Listed in NEET Unit 19; the NCERT book has no section on them.
3 subtopics
- Light-emitting diode and its I-V characteristic
- Photodiode in reverse bias and its I-V characteristic
- Solar cell and its I-V characteristic
Experiment: identifying components
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book does not describe the method.
2 subtopics
- Testing each component with a multimeter
- How each one responds
3 subtopics
- Truth tables
- OR, AND and NOT gates
- NAND and NOR gates
Chemistry
12 chapters 94 topics 92 in NEET
1.1
2 subtopics
- Binary solutions
- Gaseous, liquid and solid solutions
pp. 1–2
1.2
Concentration of solutions
NCERT: Expressing Concentration of Solutions
6 subtopics
- Mass percentage and volume percentage
- Mass by volume percentage
- Parts per million
- Mole fraction
- Molarity
- Molality
pp. 2–5
1.3
4 subtopics
- 1.3.1 Solubility of a solid in a liquid
- 1.3.2 Solubility of a gas in a liquid
- Henry’s law and its applications
- Effect of temperature on the solubility of gases
pp. 5–9
1.4
Vapour pressure of solutions
NCERT: Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions
5 subtopics
- 1.4.1 Vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions
- Raoult’s law for two volatile liquids
- Vapour pressure–composition plots
- 1.4.2 Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law
- 1.4.3 Vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids
pp. 9–13
1.5
4 subtopics
- 1.5.1 Ideal solutions
- 1.5.2 Non-ideal solutions
- Positive and negative deviations from Raoult’s law
- Minimum and maximum boiling azeotropes
pp. 13–15
1.6
7 subtopics
- 1.6.1 Relative lowering of vapour pressure
- 1.6.2 Elevation of boiling point
- 1.6.3 Depression of freezing point
- Ebullioscopic and cryoscopic constants
- 1.6.4 Osmosis and osmotic pressure
- Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic solutions
- 1.6.5 Reverse osmosis and water purification
pp. 15–23
1.7
3 subtopics
- Association and dissociation of solutes
- van’t Hoff factor
- Degree of association and dissociation
pp. 23–26
NCERT Chemistry Part I, Chapter 2
Electrochemistry
NEET Unit 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry
2.1
2 subtopics
- Daniell cell
- Galvanic and electrolytic cells
p. 32
2.2
6 subtopics
- Half-cells and the salt bridge
- Cell potential and emf
- Representing a galvanic cell
- 2.2.1 Measurement of electrode potential
- The standard hydrogen electrode
- Metal, gas and inert electrodes
pp. 33–36
2.3
4 subtopics
- Nernst equation for an electrode
- Nernst equation for a cell
- 2.3.1 Equilibrium constant from Nernst equation
- 2.3.2 Electrochemical cell and Gibbs energy of the reaction
pp. 36–41
2.4
7 subtopics
- Resistance, resistivity and conductivity
- Electronic and electrolytic conductance
- 2.4.1 Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions
- Cell constant and molar conductivity
- 2.4.2 Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration
- Strong and weak electrolytes
- Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
pp. 41–51
2.5
2 subtopics
- Faraday’s laws of electrolysis
- 2.5.1 Products of electrolysis
pp. 51–54
2.6
5 subtopics
- 2.6.1 Primary batteries
- Dry cell and mercury cell
- 2.6.2 Secondary batteries
- Lead storage battery
- Nickel-cadmium cell
pp. 54–56
2.7
2 subtopics
- Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell
- Efficiency of fuel cells
pp. 56–57
2.8
Corrosion
Not in NEET
2 subtopics
- Rusting of iron as an electrochemical process
- Prevention of corrosion
pp. 57–58
NCERT Chemistry Part I, Chapter 3
Chemical Kinetics
NEET Unit 8: Chemical Kinetics
NEET Unit 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
3.1
3 subtopics
- Average and instantaneous rate
- Units of rate
- Rate from changes in partial pressure
pp. 62–66
3.2
8 subtopics
- 3.2.1 Dependence of rate on concentration
- 3.2.2 Rate expression and rate constant
- 3.2.3 Order of a reaction
- Elementary and complex reactions
- Units of rate constant
- 3.2.4 Molecularity of a reaction
- Rate determining step
- Order and molecularity compared
pp. 66–71
Experiment: iodide and hydrogen peroxide
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 3.2) but does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- Reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide
- Timing the blue colour with starch and thiosulphate
- Effect of iodide concentration on the rate
3.3
6 subtopics
- Differential and integrated rate equations
- 3.3.1 Zero order reactions
- 3.3.2 First order reactions
- First order gas phase reactions
- 3.3.3 Half-life of a reaction
- Pseudo first order reactions
pp. 71–78
3.4
4 subtopics
- Arrhenius equation
- Activation energy
- Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies
- 3.4.1 Effect of catalyst
pp. 78–82
3.5
3 subtopics
- Collision frequency
- Effective collisions and threshold energy
- Orientation of colliding molecules
pp. 82–84
Beyond NCERT No chapter in the NCERT Class 12 books
The p-Block Elements
NEET Unit 10: p-Block Elements
Group 13 elements
Listed in NEET Unit 10, Groups 13 to 18; no 2026–27 NCERT book has a chapter on the p-block (NCERT Class 11 3.6.2 and 3.7 introduce the block and its periodic trends).
5 subtopics
- Electronic configuration ns np and oxidation states
- Atomic radius, ionization enthalpy and electronegativity down the group
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties: reactivity towards air, acids, alkalies and halogens; the inert pair effect
- Anomalous behaviour of boron
5 subtopics
- Electronic configuration ns np and oxidation states
- Atomic radius, ionization enthalpy and electronegativity down the group
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties: oxides, reactivity towards water, and halides; the inert pair effect
- Anomalous behaviour of carbon
5 subtopics
- Electronic configuration ns np and oxidation states
- Atomic radius, ionization enthalpy and electronegativity down the group
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties: hydrides, oxides and halides; the inert pair effect
- Anomalous behaviour of nitrogen
5 subtopics
- Electronic configuration ns np and oxidation states
- Atomic radius, ionization enthalpy and electronegativity down the group
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties: hydrides, oxides and halides; the inert pair effect
- Anomalous behaviour of oxygen
5 subtopics
- Electronic configuration ns np and oxidation states
- Atomic radius, ionization enthalpy and electronegativity down the group
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties: hydrides, oxides and halides
- Anomalous behaviour of fluorine
5 subtopics
- Electronic configuration ns np (helium 1s)
- Atomic radius, ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy down the group
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties: low reactivity, and the xenon fluorides and oxides
- Helium, the first element
NCERT Chemistry Part I, Chapter 4
The d- and f-Block Elements
NEET Unit 11: d- and f-Block Elements
NEET Unit 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
4.1
2 subtopics
- The d-block between the s- and p-blocks
- The 3d, 4d, 5d and 6d series
p. 90
4.2
3 subtopics
- General outer configuration (n–1)dns
- Configurations of chromium and copper
- Why zinc, cadmium and mercury are not transition elements
pp. 90–92
Occurrence
Beyond NCERT
Listed in NEET Unit 11; the 2026–27 NCERT book names it in the chapter’s opening lines but has no section on it.
2 subtopics
- Native metals and ores
- Common ores of iron, copper, chromium and manganese
4.3
14 subtopics
- 4.3.1 Physical properties
- 4.3.2 Variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition metals
- 4.3.3 Ionisation enthalpies
- 4.3.4 Oxidation states
- 4.3.5 Trends in the M/M standard electrode potentials
- 4.3.6 Trends in the M/M standard electrode potentials
- 4.3.7 Trends in stability of higher oxidation states
- 4.3.8 Chemical reactivity and E° values
- 4.3.9 Magnetic properties
- 4.3.10 Formation of coloured ions
- 4.3.11 Formation of complex compounds
- 4.3.12 Catalytic properties
- 4.3.13 Formation of interstitial compounds
- 4.3.14 Alloy formation
pp. 92–105
4.4
Important compounds
NCERT: Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements
3 subtopics
- 4.4.1 Oxides and oxoanions of metals
- Potassium dichromate: preparation, properties and uses
- Potassium permanganate: preparation, properties and uses
pp. 105–108
Experiment: KMnO₄ titrations
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 4.4 and Class 11 NCERT 7.3.3) but does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- KMnO as its own indicator
- Oxalic acid against KMnO at 333 K
- Mohr’s salt against KMnO
4.5
5 subtopics
- 4.5.1 Electronic configurations
- 4.5.2 Atomic and ionic sizes
- Lanthanoid contraction
- 4.5.3 Oxidation states
- 4.5.4 General characteristics
pp. 108–111
4.6
5 subtopics
- 4.6.1 Electronic configurations
- 4.6.2 Ionic sizes
- Actinoid contraction
- 4.6.3 Oxidation states
- 4.6.4 General characteristics and comparison with lanthanoids
pp. 111–113
4.7
3 subtopics
- Iron and steels
- Compounds for special purposes
- Catalysts in industry
pp. 113–114
NCERT Chemistry Part I, Chapter 5
Coordination Compounds
NEET Unit 12: Co-ordination Compounds
NEET Unit 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
5.1
3 subtopics
- Primary and secondary valences
- Postulates of Werner’s theory
- Double salts and complexes
pp. 118–120
Experiment: double salts
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 5.1) but does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- Double salts by crystallisation
- Mohr’s salt from iron(II) sulphate and ammonium sulphate
- Potash alum from potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate
5.2
Ligands and other terms
NCERT: Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination Compounds
7 subtopics
- Coordination entity and central atom
- Unidentate, didentate and polydentate ligands
- Ambidentate ligands, denticity and chelation
- Coordination number
- Coordination sphere and coordination polyhedron
- Oxidation number of the central atom
- Homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes
pp. 121–122
5.3
2 subtopics
- 5.3.1 Formulas of mononuclear coordination entities
- 5.3.2 Naming of mononuclear coordination compounds
pp. 122–125
5.4
7 subtopics
- Stereoisomerism and structural isomerism
- 5.4.1 Geometric isomerism
- 5.4.2 Optical isomerism
- 5.4.3 Linkage isomerism
- 5.4.4 Coordination isomerism
- 5.4.5 Ionisation isomerism
- 5.4.6 Solvate isomerism
pp. 125–128
5.5
Bonding: VBT and CFT
NCERT: Bonding in Coordination Compounds
9 subtopics
- 5.5.1 Valence bond theory
- Inner and outer orbital complexes
- 5.5.2 Magnetic properties of coordination compounds
- 5.5.3 Limitations of valence bond theory
- 5.5.4 Crystal field theory
- Splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral fields
- Spectrochemical series
- 5.5.5 Colour in coordination compounds
- 5.5.6 Limitations of crystal field theory
pp. 128–135
5.6
Metal carbonyls
NCERT: Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
Not named in NEET Unit 12, which lists the valence bond and crystal field approaches to bonding.
2 subtopics
- Homoleptic carbonyls
- Synergic bonding between the metal and CO
pp. 135–136
5.7
5 subtopics
- Qualitative and quantitative analysis
- Hardness of water
- Extraction of metals
- Biological systems
- Industry and medicine
pp. 136–137
NCERT Chemistry Part II, Chapter 6
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
NEET Unit 16: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens
NEET Unit 14: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
6.1
3 subtopics
- 6.1.1 On the basis of number of halogen atoms
- 6.1.2 Compounds containing sp C–X bond (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
- 6.1.3 Compounds containing sp C–X bond
pp. 160–161
6.2
2 subtopics
- Common and IUPAC names
- Geminal and vicinal dihalides
pp. 161–163
6.3
2 subtopics
- Polarity of the carbon–halogen bond
- Bond length, bond enthalpy and dipole moment
pp. 163–164
6.4
Preparation of haloalkanes
NCERT: Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes
6 subtopics
- 6.4.1 From alcohols
- 6.4.2 From hydrocarbons
- Free radical halogenation of alkanes
- Addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes
- 6.4.3 Halogen exchange
- Finkelstein and Swarts reactions
pp. 164–166
6.5
2 subtopics
- Electrophilic substitution in arenes
- Sandmeyer’s reaction
pp. 166–167
6.6
3 subtopics
- Melting and boiling points
- Density
- Solubility
pp. 167–169
6.7
11 subtopics
- 6.7.1 Reactions of haloalkanes
- Nucleophilic substitution
- SN2 and SN1 mechanisms
- Optical activity, chirality and enantiomers
- Inversion, retention and racemisation
- Elimination and Saytzeff’s rule
- Grignard reagents and the Wurtz reaction
- 6.7.2 Reactions of haloarenes
- Low reactivity of haloarenes in nucleophilic substitution
- Electrophilic substitution in haloarenes
- Wurtz-Fittig and Fittig reactions
pp. 169–186
6.8
7 subtopics
- 6.8.1 Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
- 6.8.2 Trichloromethane (chloroform)
- 6.8.3 Triiodomethane (iodoform)
- 6.8.4 Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride)
- 6.8.5 Freons
- 6.8.6 p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
- Uses and environmental effects
pp. 187–188
NCERT Chemistry Part II, Chapter 7
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
NEET Unit 17: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen
NEET Unit 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
7.1
5 subtopics
- 7.1.1 Alcohols—mono, di, tri or polyhydric alcohols
- Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
- Allylic and benzylic alcohols
- 7.1.2 Phenols—mono, di and trihydric phenols
- 7.1.3 Ethers
pp. 194–195
7.2
2 subtopics
- Common and IUPAC names of alcohols
- Names of phenols and ethers
pp. 195–198
7.3
2 subtopics
- Structures of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane
- C–O bond length in phenol
pp. 198–199
7.4
11 subtopics
- 7.4.1 Preparation of alcohols
- 7.4.2 Preparation of phenols
- Phenol from cumene
- 7.4.3 Physical properties
- 7.4.4 Chemical reactions
- Acidity of alcohols and phenols
- Lucas test for primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols
- Mechanism of dehydration of alcohols
- Oxidation of alcohols
- Nitration, sulphonation and halogenation of phenol
- Kolbe’s and Reimer-Tiemann reactions
pp. 199–213
Experiment: tests for –OH groups
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book does not describe the method.
4 subtopics
- Ceric ammonium nitrate test for alcohols
- Iodoform test for ethanol and CHCH(OH)R alcohols
- Iron(III) chloride test for phenols
- Phthalein dye test for phenols
7.5
Commercially important alcohols
NCERT: Some Commercially Important Alcohols
2 subtopics
- Methanol
- Ethanol
p. 214
7.6
6 subtopics
- 7.6.1 Preparation of ethers
- Williamson synthesis
- 7.6.2 Physical properties
- 7.6.3 Chemical reactions
- Cleavage of the C–O bond in ethers
- Electrophilic substitution in anisole
pp. 215–221
NCERT Chemistry Part II, Chapter 8
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
NEET Unit 17: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen
NEET Unit 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
8.1
Carbonyl group: names and structure
NCERT: Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
2 subtopics
- 8.1.1 Nomenclature
- 8.1.2 Structure of the carbonyl group
pp. 228–231
8.2
5 subtopics
- 8.2.1 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones
- 8.2.2 Preparation of aldehydes
- Rosenmund reduction and Stephen reaction
- Etard and Gatterman-Koch reactions
- 8.2.3 Preparation of ketones
pp. 231–234
8.3
2 subtopics
- Boiling points
- Solubility in water
pp. 235–236
8.4
Reactions of aldehydes and ketones
NCERT: Chemical Reactions
11 subtopics
- Nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group
- Relative reactivity of aldehydes and ketones
- Addition of HCN, sodium hydrogensulphite, Grignard reagents and alcohols
- Addition of ammonia and its derivatives
- Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions
- Tollens’ and Fehling’s tests
- Haloform reaction
- Acidity of α-hydrogens
- Aldol and cross aldol condensation
- Cannizzaro reaction
- Electrophilic substitution in aromatic aldehydes and ketones
pp. 236–243
Experiment: tests for aldehydes and ketones
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 8.4) but does not describe the method.
2 subtopics
- 2,4-DNP test for the carbonyl group
- Schiff’s, Tollens’ and Fehling’s tests for aldehydes
Experiment: preparation of iodoform
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 8.4) but does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- Iodoform from acetone or ethanol with iodine and alkali
- Haloform reaction of the CHCO– group
- Yellow crystals of iodoform
8.5
2 subtopics
- Formalin and bakelite
- Solvents, perfumes and flavours
pp. 243–244
8.6
Carboxyl group: names and structure
NCERT: Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group
2 subtopics
- 8.6.1 Nomenclature
- 8.6.2 Structure of carboxyl group
pp. 244–245
8.7
Preparation of carboxylic acids
NCERT: Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
5 subtopics
- From primary alcohols and aldehydes
- From alkylbenzenes
- From nitriles and amides
- From Grignard reagents
- From acyl halides, anhydrides and esters
pp. 245–248
8.8
2 subtopics
- Hydrogen-bonded dimers
- Solubility in water
p. 249
8.9
7 subtopics
- 8.9.1 Reactions involving cleavage of O–H bond
- Acidity and the effect of substituents
- 8.9.2 Reactions involving cleavage of C–OH bond
- 8.9.3 Reactions involving –COOH group
- 8.9.4 Substitution reactions in the hydrocarbon part
- Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
- Ring substitution in aromatic acids
pp. 249–254
Experiment: tests for the carboxyl group
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 8.9.1 and 8.9.2) but does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- Litmus test
- Sodium hydrogencarbonate test
- Ester test
8.10
2 subtopics
- Vinegar, nylon-6,6 and food preservatives
- Soaps and detergents from fatty acids
p. 254
NCERT Chemistry Part II, Chapter 9
Amines
NEET Unit 18: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
NEET Unit 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
9.1
2 subtopics
- The sp hybridised nitrogen atom
- Pyramidal shape of amines
pp. 259–260
9.2
2 subtopics
- Primary, secondary and tertiary amines
- Simple and mixed amines
p. 260
9.3
2 subtopics
- Common names
- IUPAC names
pp. 260–262
9.4
5 subtopics
- Reduction of nitro compounds
- Ammonolysis of alkyl halides
- Reduction of nitriles and amides
- Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
- Hofmann bromamide degradation
pp. 262–265
9.5
2 subtopics
- Solubility in water
- Boiling points and hydrogen bonding
pp. 265–266
9.6
8 subtopics
- Basic character of amines
- Basic strength of alkanamines and arylamines
- Alkylation, acylation and benzoylation
- Carbylamine reaction
- Reaction with nitrous acid
- Hinsberg’s reagent: benzenesulphonyl chloride
- Bromination, nitration and sulphonation of aniline
- Why aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reactions
pp. 266–274
Experiment: tests for the amino group
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 9.6 and 9.9) but does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- Solubility in dilute hydrochloric acid
- Carbylamine test
- Azo dye test
Experiment: preparation of acetanilide and p-nitroacetanilide
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 9.6) but does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- Acetanilide by acetylation of aniline
- p-Nitroacetanilide by nitration of acetanilide
- Recrystallisation of the products
9.7
Preparation of diazonium salts
NCERT: Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
1 subtopic
- Diazotisation of aniline at 273–278 K
p. 274
9.8
2 subtopics
- Colourless crystalline solids
- Solubility and stability
p. 275
9.9
3 subtopics
- Displacement of nitrogen
- Sandmeyer and Gatterman reactions
- Coupling reactions
pp. 275–276
Experiment: preparation of aniline yellow
Beyond NCERT
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 9.7 and 9.9) but does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- Diazotisation of aniline
- Coupling with aniline, or rearrangement of diazoaminobenzene
- Aniline yellow (p-aminoazobenzene)
9.10
Diazonium salts in the synthesis of aromatic compounds
NCERT: Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds
1 subtopic
- Groups that cannot be introduced by direct substitution
pp. 276–277
10.1
9 subtopics
- 10.1.1 Classification of carbohydrates
- Aldoses and ketoses
- 10.1.2 Monosaccharides
- Glucose and fructose
- Open chain and cyclic structures of glucose
- 10.1.3 Disaccharides
- Sucrose, maltose and lactose
- 10.1.4 Polysaccharides
- 10.1.5 Importance of carbohydrates
pp. 281–290
10.2
8 subtopics
- 10.2.1 Amino acids
- 10.2.2 Classification of amino acids
- Essential and non-essential amino acids
- Zwitter ion form of amino acids
- 10.2.3 Structure of proteins
- Peptide bond
- Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure
- 10.2.4 Denaturation of proteins
pp. 290–295
10.3
1 subtopic
- 10.3.1 Mechanism of enzyme action
p. 295
10.4
3 subtopics
- 10.4.1 Classification of vitamins
- Fat soluble and water soluble vitamins
- Vitamin deficiency diseases
pp. 295–297
10.5
6 subtopics
- 10.5.1 Chemical composition of nucleic acids
- 10.5.2 Structure of nucleic acids
- Nucleosides and nucleotides
- Double helix of DNA
- 10.5.3 Biological functions of nucleic acids
- DNA fingerprinting
pp. 297–300
10.6
3 subtopics
- Hormones as intercellular messengers
- Steroid, polypeptide and amino acid derivative hormones
- Functions of hormones
pp. 300–301
Beyond NCERT No chapter in the NCERT Class 12 books
Practical Chemistry
NEET Unit 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry
Experiment: preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book does not describe the method.
3 subtopics
- Sols and true solutions
- Lyophilic sols of starch, gum and egg albumin
- Lyophobic sols of iron(III) hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide
Experiment: salt analysis, anions
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book does not describe the method.
4 subtopics
- Dilute sulphuric acid group: CO, S and NO
- Concentrated sulphuric acid group: Cl, Br, I and NO
- Independent group: SO
- Confirmatory tests
Experiment: salt analysis, cations
A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 5.7 and Class 11 NCERT 6.13) but does not describe the method.
7 subtopics
- Group zero: NH
- Group I: Pb
- Group II: Pb and Cu
- Group III: Al and Fe
- Group IV: Zn and Ni
- Group V: Ca and Ba
- Group VI: Mg
Biology
13 chapters 74 topics 74 in NEET
1.1
2 subtopics
- Flowers in human culture
- Parts of a typical flower
pp. 3–4
1.2
16 subtopics
- 1.2.1 Stamen, microsporangium and pollen grain
- Structure of the microsporangium
- Microsporogenesis
- Pollen grain: exine and intine
- Pollen viability and pollen banks
- 1.2.2 The pistil, megasporangium (ovule) and embryo sac
- Structure of the ovule
- Megasporogenesis
- Female gametophyte: the embryo sac
- 1.2.3 Pollination
- Autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy
- Chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers
- Agents of pollination: wind, water and animals
- Outbreeding devices
- Pollen-pistil interaction
- Artificial hybridisation: emasculation and bagging
pp. 4–17
1.3
2 subtopics
- Syngamy
- Triple fusion and the primary endosperm nucleus
p. 18
1.4
10 subtopics
- 1.4.1 Endosperm
- Free-nuclear and cellular endosperm
- 1.4.2 Embryo
- Dicot and monocot embryos
- 1.4.3 Seed
- Albuminous and non-albuminous seeds
- Perisperm and seed dormancy
- True and false fruits
- Parthenocarpy
- Advantages of seeds
pp. 18–22
1.5
3 subtopics
- Apomixis
- Polyembryony
- Apomixis and hybrid seeds
pp. 22–23
2.1
5 subtopics
- Testes and scrotum
- Seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells and Leydig cells
- Male accessory ducts
- Accessory glands and seminal plasma
- The penis
pp. 26–28
2.2
5 subtopics
- Ovaries: cortex and medulla
- Oviducts, uterus and vagina
- Layers of the uterine wall
- Female external genitalia
- Mammary glands
pp. 28–31
2.3
7 subtopics
- Spermatogenesis
- Spermiogenesis and spermiation
- Hormonal control of spermatogenesis
- Structure of a sperm
- Oogenesis
- Primary, secondary, tertiary and Graafian follicles
- Ovulation
pp. 31–33
2.4
6 subtopics
- Menarche and menopause
- Menstrual phase
- Follicular phase
- LH surge and ovulation
- Luteal phase and the corpus luteum
- Menstrual hygiene
pp. 33–35
2.5
5 subtopics
- Insemination and transport to the ampulla
- Fertilisation and the zona pellucida
- Sex of the baby decided by the sperm
- Cleavage: morula and blastocyst
- Implantation
pp. 35–37
2.6
4 subtopics
- Chorionic villi and the placenta
- Placental hormones
- Germ layers and stem cells
- Development of the foetus month by month
pp. 37–38
2.7
3 subtopics
- Gestation period
- Foetal ejection reflex and oxytocin
- Lactation and colostrum
p. 38
3.1
4 subtopics
- Family planning and RCH programmes
- Sex education and awareness
- Amniocentesis and its ban for sex determination
- Signs of improved reproductive health
pp. 41–43
3.2
10 subtopics
- Population growth in India
- Measures to check population growth
- An ideal contraceptive
- Natural methods
- Barrier methods
- Intra-uterine devices (IUDs)
- Oral pills and Saheli
- Injectables, implants and emergency contraception
- Surgical methods: vasectomy and tubectomy
- Possible ill-effects of contraceptives
pp. 43–46
3.3
Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
NCERT prints “MTP (Amendment) Act, 2017”; the law is the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 (Act No. 8 of 2021).
4 subtopics
- Why MTP is done
- The MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021
- Safety in the first trimester
- Sex-selective MTP and female foeticide
pp. 46–47
3.4
4 subtopics
- Common STIs
- Spread through needles, blood and from mother to foetus
- Complications: PID, ectopic pregnancy and infertility
- Prevention of STIs
p. 47
3.5
6 subtopics
- Causes of infertility
- IVF and embryo transfer: ZIFT and IUT
- GIFT
- ICSI
- Artificial insemination and IUI
- Legal adoption
pp. 47–48
NCERT Biology, Chapter 4
Principles of Inheritance and Variation
NEET Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution
4.1
Mendel’s experiments
NCERT: Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
3 subtopics
- Hybridisation experiments on the garden pea
- True-breeding lines
- Seven pairs of contrasting traits
pp. 54–55
4.2
12 subtopics
- F and F generations
- Genes and alleles
- Genotype and phenotype
- Punnett square
- Phenotypic 3:1 and genotypic 1:2:1 ratios
- Test cross
- 4.2.1 Law of dominance
- 4.2.2 Law of segregation
- Incomplete dominance in snapdragon
- Explaining dominance
- Co-dominance
- Multiple alleles: ABO blood groups
pp. 55–62
4.3
Inheritance of two genes
Crossing over, listed with linkage in NEET Unit 7, is described with meiosis in the Class 11 NCERT book.
9 subtopics
- Dihybrid cross and the 9:3:3:1 ratio
- 4.3.1 Law of independent assortment
- 4.3.2 Chromosomal theory of inheritance
- Rediscovery of Mendel’s work
- Chromosomes and genes: Sutton and Boveri
- Morgan’s work on Drosophila
- 4.3.3 Linkage and recombination
- Tight and loose linkage
- Recombination frequency and genetic maps
pp. 62–68
4.4
2 subtopics
- Traits on a gradient: human height
- Skin colour and the additive effect of alleles
p. 69
4.5
2 subtopics
- Pleiotropic genes
- Phenylketonuria as a pleiotropic disorder
p. 69
4.6
7 subtopics
- Henking’s X body
- XO type in grasshoppers
- XY type in humans and Drosophila
- Male and female heterogamety
- ZW type in birds
- 4.6.1 Sex determination in humans
- 4.6.2 Sex determination in honey bee
pp. 69–71
4.7
4 subtopics
- Chromosomal aberrations
- Point mutation: sickle-cell anaemia
- Frame-shift mutations
- Mutagens
p. 72
4.8
12 subtopics
- 4.8.1 Pedigree analysis
- 4.8.2 Mendelian disorders
- Colour blindness
- Haemophilia
- Sickle-cell anaemia
- Phenylketonuria
- Thalassemia
- 4.8.3 Chromosomal disorders
- Aneuploidy and polyploidy
- Down’s syndrome
- Klinefelter’s syndrome
- Turner’s syndrome
pp. 72–76
5.1
12 subtopics
- Length of DNA in base pairs
- 5.1.1 Structure of polynucleotide chain
- Nucleosides, nucleotides and phosphodiester bonds
- How RNA differs from DNA
- Watson and Crick’s double helix
- Chargaff’s rules
- Features of the double helix
- Central dogma
- 5.1.2 Packaging of DNA helix
- Nucleoid in prokaryotes
- Histones and nucleosomes
- Euchromatin and heterochromatin
pp. 80–84
5.2
7 subtopics
- Griffith’s transforming principle
- Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
- 5.2.1 The genetic material is DNA
- Hershey and Chase’s experiment
- 5.2.2 Properties of genetic material (DNA versus RNA)
- Criteria for a genetic material
- Why DNA is more stable than RNA
pp. 84–88
5.3
3 subtopics
- RNA as the first genetic material
- RNA as a catalyst
- Evolution of DNA from RNA
p. 88
5.4
DNA replication
NCERT: Replication
10 subtopics
- Semiconservative replication
- 5.4.1 The experimental proof
- Meselson and Stahl’s experiment
- Taylor’s experiment on Vicia faba
- 5.4.2 The machinery and the enzymes
- DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
- Replication fork: continuous and discontinuous synthesis
- DNA ligase
- Origin of replication
- Replication in the S-phase
pp. 88–91
5.5
11 subtopics
- Why only one strand is copied
- 5.5.1 Transcription unit
- Promoter, structural gene and terminator
- Template and coding strands
- 5.5.2 Transcription unit and the gene
- Cistrons, exons and introns
- 5.5.3 Types of RNA and the process of transcription
- mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
- Initiation, elongation and termination: σ and ρ factors
- RNA polymerases I, II and III
- Splicing, capping and tailing
pp. 91–95
5.6
7 subtopics
- Gamow’s triplet code
- Khorana, Nirenberg and Ochoa
- Features of the genetic code
- 5.6.1 Mutations and genetic code
- Point and frameshift mutations
- 5.6.2 tRNA – the adapter molecule
- Anticodon and the initiator tRNA
pp. 95–98
5.7
4 subtopics
- Charging of tRNA (aminoacylation)
- Ribosome and the ribozyme
- Translational unit and untranslated regions
- Initiation, elongation and termination of translation
pp. 98–99
5.8
6 subtopics
- Levels of regulation in eukaryotes
- Operators, activators and repressors
- 5.8.1 The lac operon
- The i gene and the structural genes z, y and a
- Induction by lactose
- Negative regulation by the repressor
pp. 99–101
5.9
8 subtopics
- Goals of the HGP
- Bioinformatics
- Expressed sequence tags and sequence annotation
- BAC and YAC vectors
- Sanger’s sequencing method
- 5.9.1 Salient features of human genome
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
- 5.9.2 Applications and future challenges
pp. 102–105
5.10
5 subtopics
- Repetitive and satellite DNA
- DNA polymorphism
- VNTRs as probes
- Steps of DNA fingerprinting
- Uses in forensics and paternity tests
pp. 105–107
6.1
6 subtopics
- Big Bang and the early earth
- Panspermia
- Spontaneous generation and Pasteur
- Oparin and Haldane: chemical evolution
- Miller’s experiment
- First cellular forms of life
pp. 110–112
6.2
4 subtopics
- Theory of special creation
- Darwin’s voyage on H.M.S. Beagle
- Fitness and natural selection
- Alfred Wallace
pp. 112–113
6.3
Evidences for evolution
NCERT: What are the Evidences for Evolution?
8 subtopics
- Paleontological evidence: fossils
- Embryological evidence and von Baer’s objection
- Homologous organs and divergent evolution
- Analogous organs and convergent evolution
- Similarities in proteins and genes
- Artificial selection
- Industrial melanism in moths
- Resistance to herbicides, pesticides and antibiotics
pp. 113–116
6.4
Adaptive radiation
NCERT: What is Adaptive Radiation?
3 subtopics
- Darwin’s finches
- Australian marsupials
- Placental mammals and marsupials: convergent evolution
pp. 116–118
6.5
4 subtopics
- Natural selection and fitness
- Branching descent
- Lamarck’s use and disuse of organs
- Darwin’s observations and Malthus
pp. 118–119
6.6
2 subtopics
- Darwinian variation and de Vries’ mutation
- Saltation
p. 119
6.7
6 subtopics
- Allele frequencies and genetic equilibrium
- p + 2pq + q = 1
- Gene flow and genetic drift
- Founder effect
- Mutation, recombination and natural selection
- Stabilising, directional and disruptive selection
pp. 120–121
4 subtopics
- Darwin’s natural selection joined with Mendelian genetics
- Architects: Dobzhansky, Fisher, Haldane, Wright, Mayr, Huxley and Stebbins
- Stebbins’ five factors of evolution
- Reproductive isolation and speciation
6.8
6 subtopics
- First cells and oxygen release
- Invertebrates, jawless fish and land plants
- Lobefins and the first amphibians
- Reptiles and dinosaurs
- Rise of mammals
- Plants and vertebrates through geological periods
pp. 121–124
6.9
6 subtopics
- Dryopithecus and Ramapithecus
- Australopithecines
- Homo habilis and Homo erectus
- Neanderthal man
- Homo sapiens
- Cave art and agriculture
pp. 124–125
Health and disease
Beyond NCERT
Listed in NEET Unit 8; the 2026–27 NCERT book covers it on the chapter’s opening pages, not in a section.
3 subtopics
- Health as complete physical, mental and social well-being
- Factors affecting health
- Infectious and non-infectious diseases
7.1
11 subtopics
- Pathogens and parasites
- Typhoid (Salmonella typhi)
- Pneumonia (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae)
- Common cold (rhinoviruses)
- Malaria: life cycle of Plasmodium
- Amoebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica)
- Ascariasis (Ascaris)
- Filariasis (Wuchereria)
- Ringworm (Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton)
- Personal and public hygiene
- Control of mosquito vectors
pp. 130–134
Dengue and chikungunya
Beyond NCERT
Listed in NEET Unit 8; the 2026–27 NCERT book only names them, in 7.1, as diseases spread by Aedes mosquitoes.
3 subtopics
- Dengue virus (a flavivirus, four serotypes) and Aedes vectors
- Chikungunya virus (an alphavirus) and the same vectors
- Symptoms, spread and prevention
7.2
Immunity
NEET lists vaccine production under Unit 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications.
16 subtopics
- 7.2.1 Innate immunity
- Physical, physiological, cellular and cytokine barriers
- 7.2.2 Acquired immunity
- Primary and secondary immune responses
- B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and antibodies
- Structure of an antibody (HL)
- Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
- Graft rejection
- 7.2.3 Active and passive immunity
- 7.2.4 Vaccination and immunisation
- Vaccines made by recombinant DNA technology
- 7.2.5 Allergies
- 7.2.6 Auto immunity
- 7.2.7 Immune system in the body
- Primary and secondary lymphoid organs
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
pp. 134–138
7.3
HIV and AIDS
NCERT: AIDS
5 subtopics
- HIV, a retrovirus
- Transmission of HIV
- HIV in macrophages and helper T-lymphocytes
- Diagnosis by ELISA
- Prevention of AIDS
pp. 138–140
7.4
6 subtopics
- Contact inhibition
- Benign and malignant tumors
- Metastasis
- Carcinogens and oncogenes
- Detection and diagnosis
- Treatment of cancer
pp. 140–142
7.5
Drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse
NCERT: Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
9 subtopics
- Opioids
- Cannabinoids
- Coca alkaloids, Atropa belladonna and Datura
- Tobacco: smoking and chewing
- 7.5.1 Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse
- 7.5.2 Addiction and dependence
- 7.5.3 Effects of drug/alcohol abuse
- Misuse of drugs in sports
- 7.5.4 Prevention and control
pp. 142–147
8.1
4 subtopics
- Curd and lactic acid bacteria
- Fermented dough: idli, dosa and bread
- Toddy and other fermented foods
- Cheese
p. 151
8.2
7 subtopics
- Fermentors
- 8.2.1 Fermented beverages
- 8.2.2 Antibiotics
- Discovery of penicillin
- 8.2.3 Chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules
- Organic acids, ethanol and enzymes
- Streptokinase, cyclosporin A and statins
pp. 151–153
8.3
5 subtopics
- Primary treatment
- Secondary (biological) treatment
- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
- Activated sludge and anaerobic sludge digesters
- Ganga and Yamuna Action Plans
pp. 153–155
8.4
Microbes in biogas production
NCERT: Microbes in Production of Biogas
3 subtopics
- Methanogens such as Methanobacterium
- Cattle dung (gobar) as raw material
- A biogas plant
pp. 155–156
8.5
5 subtopics
- Biological control of pests and diseases
- Ladybirds and dragonflies
- Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
- Trichoderma
- Baculoviruses and integrated pest management
pp. 156–157
8.6
3 subtopics
- Rhizobium, Azospirillum and Azotobacter
- Mycorrhiza (Glomus)
- Cyanobacteria in paddy fields
pp. 157–158
NCERT Biology, Chapter 9
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
NEET Unit 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications
9.1
4 subtopics
- Genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering
- Cloning with an origin of replication
- First recombinant DNA: Cohen and Boyer
- Three basic steps in genetic modification
pp. 163–165
9.2
11 subtopics
- 9.2.1 Restriction enzymes
- Naming restriction enzymes
- Exonucleases and endonucleases
- Palindromes and sticky ends
- Gel electrophoresis and elution
- 9.2.2 Cloning vectors
- Origin of replication, selectable marker and cloning sites
- pBR322 and insertional inactivation
- Ti plasmid and disarmed retroviruses
- 9.2.3 Competent host (for transformation with recombinant DNA)
- Micro-injection, biolistics and disarmed pathogens
pp. 165–171
9.3
9 subtopics
- 9.3.1 Isolation of the genetic material (DNA)
- 9.3.2 Cutting of DNA at specific locations
- 9.3.3 Amplification of gene of interest using PCR
- Denaturation, primer annealing and extension
- Thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus
- 9.3.4 Insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cell/organism
- 9.3.5 Obtaining the foreign gene product
- Bioreactors: stirred-tank and sparged
- 9.3.6 Downstream processing
pp. 171–175
NCERT Biology, Chapter 10
Biotechnology and Its Applications
NEET Unit 9: Biotechnology and Its Applications
10.1
Biotechnology in agriculture
NCERT: Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture
7 subtopics
- Three options for increasing food production
- Tissue culture and micropropagation
- Virus-free plants from meristems
- Somatic hybridisation
- Genetically modified (GM) plants
- Bt cotton and cry genes
- Pest-resistant plants by RNA interference
pp. 177–181
10.2
Biotechnology in medicine
NCERT: Biotechnological Applications in Medicine
NEET Unit 9 lists vaccine production; the NCERT book describes recombinant vaccines with immunity, in 7.2.4.
8 subtopics
- Recombinant therapeutics
- 10.2.1 Genetically engineered insulin
- Insulin chains and the C-peptide
- Human insulin from E. coli
- 10.2.2 Gene therapy
- ADA deficiency: the first clinical gene therapy
- 10.2.3 Molecular diagnosis
- PCR, DNA probes and ELISA
pp. 181–183
10.3
5 subtopics
- Studying normal physiology and development
- Models of human disease
- Biological products: α-1-antitrypsin and Rosie the cow
- Vaccine safety testing
- Chemical safety testing
pp. 183–184
10.4
5 subtopics
- Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC)
- Patents on biological resources
- The Basmati rice patent
- Biopiracy
- Amendment of the Indian Patents Bill
pp. 184–185
11.1
15 subtopics
- 11.1.1 Population attributes
- Birth rate, death rate and sex ratio
- Age pyramids
- Population density
- 11.1.2 Population growth
- Natality, mortality, immigration and emigration
- Exponential growth
- Logistic growth and carrying capacity
- 11.1.3 Life history variation
- 11.1.4 Population interactions
- Predation
- Competition and competitive exclusion
- Parasitism and brood parasitism
- Commensalism
- Mutualism and co-evolution
pp. 191–202
12.1
Structure and function
NCERT: Ecosystem – Structure and Function
3 subtopics
- Species composition and stratification
- Productivity, decomposition, energy flow and nutrient cycling
- The pond as an ecosystem
p. 206
12.2
4 subtopics
- Primary production and productivity
- Gross and net primary productivity
- Secondary productivity
- Productivity of land and oceans
pp. 206–207
12.3
4 subtopics
- Detritus and detritivores
- Fragmentation, leaching and catabolism
- Humification and mineralisation
- Factors affecting decomposition
pp. 207–208
12.4
6 subtopics
- Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
- Producers and consumers
- Grazing and detritus food chains
- Food webs and trophic levels
- Standing crop
- The 10 per cent law
pp. 209–211
12.5
5 subtopics
- Pyramid of numbers
- Pyramid of biomass
- Pyramid of energy
- Upright and inverted pyramids
- Limitations of ecological pyramids
pp. 211–214
13.1
11 subtopics
- Genetic, species and ecological diversity
- 13.1.1 How many species are there on earth and how many in India?
- India as a mega diversity country
- 13.1.2 Patterns of biodiversity
- Latitudinal gradients
- Species-area relationships
- 13.1.3 The importance of species diversity to the ecosystem
- Rivet popper hypothesis
- 13.1.4 Loss of biodiversity
- Mass extinctions and the sixth extinction
- Causes of loss: the evil quartet
pp. 216–223
13.2
10 subtopics
- 13.2.1 Why should we conserve biodiversity?
- Narrowly utilitarian, broadly utilitarian and ethical arguments
- 13.2.2 How do we conserve biodiversity?
- In situ and ex situ conservation
- Endangered and threatened organisms
- Biodiversity hotspots
- Biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries
- Sacred groves
- Zoos, botanical gardens, cryopreservation and seed banks
- The Earth Summit and the World Summit on Sustainable Development
pp. 223–225
Red Data Book
Beyond NCERT
Listed in NEET Unit 10; the 2026–27 NCERT book only cites the IUCN Red List (2004), in 13.1.4.
3 subtopics
- IUCN and its Red List
- Threat categories: critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable
- Indian Red Data Books
Sources
Syllabus for NEET (UG) 2026 (opens in a new tab), National Medical Commission.
The NCERT Class 12 books, reprint 2026-27 and 2025-26: Physics Part I, Physics Part II, Chemistry Part I, Chemistry Part II and Biology, from ncert.nic.in.
Chapters, units, sections, sub-sections and pages checked against these on 19 Oct 2026.