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Biomolecules

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 10

Biomolecules for Class 12 Chemistry, JEE and NEET: carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, nucleic acids and hormones.

6 topics Updated 6 Nov 2026

For: Class 12, JEE and NEET

In the syllabus: JEE Class 12 syllabus, NEET Class 12 syllabus

With your textbook

NCERT Chemistry Part II (Class 12), Chapter 10 “Biomolecules”, reprint 2026-27.

Open the official NCERT chapter (PDF, 3.1 MB, ncert.nic.in)

Checked on 19 Oct 2026.

Learn in this order

  1. Carbohydrates

    Classification, glucose and fructose structures, anomers, sucrose, maltose and lactose, starch and cellulose.

    NCERT Section 10.1 12 min read 2 solved examples 6 practice questions

  2. Proteins

    Amino acids and zwitter ions, essential amino acids, the peptide bond, four levels of structure and denaturation.

    NCERT Section 10.2 10 min read 2 solved examples 6 practice questions

  3. Enzymes

    Biocatalysts, specificity, naming, activation energy, and the enzyme–substrate complex mechanism, with solved examples.

    NCERT Section 10.3 7 min read 2 solved examples 6 practice questions

  4. Vitamins

    Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, their sources and the diseases caused by their deficiency, from NCERT.

    NCERT Section 10.4 6 min read 2 solved examples 6 practice questions

  5. Nucleic acids

    DNA and RNA composition, nucleosides and nucleotides, the double helix, base pairing and DNA fingerprinting.

    NCERT Section 10.5 7 min read 2 solved examples 6 practice questions

  6. Hormones

    Intercellular messengers, steroid, polypeptide and amino acid derivative hormones, and what insulin and thyroxine do.

    NCERT Section 10.6 6 min read 2 solved examples 6 practice questions

Key formulas in this chapter

Carbohydrates

  • Sucrose + HO → glucose + fructose (H)
  • (CHO) + nHO (H, 393 K) → nCHO

Proteins

  • R–CH(NH)–COOH ⇌ R–CH(NH)–COO
  • Gly + Ala → Gly-Ala (dipeptide) + HO; peptide bond –CO–NH–

Enzymes

  • E + S ⇌ ES → EP → E + P
  • CHO + HO (maltase) → 2CHO

Vitamins

  • Fat-soluble (stored): A, D, E, K
  • Water-soluble (not stored, except B): B group, C
  • Vitamin C is ascorbic acid; vitamin B thiamine, B riboflavin, B pyridoxine, B cyanocobalamin (a cobalt complex)

Nucleic acids

  • Nucleoside: base + sugar (at C1′)
  • Nucleotide: base + sugar + phosphate (at C5′)
  • Base pairs: A with T, G with C

Hormones

  • Steroids: estrogens (estradiol), androgens (testosterone)
  • Polypeptides: insulin, endorphins
  • Amino acid derivatives: epinephrine, norepinephrine
  • Thyroxine: iodinated derivative of tyrosine (Biology: iodothyronine)

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