NEET study notes

Units and Measurement

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 1

1. SI units

   The seven SI base units and symbols, derived units such as N, J, W and Pa, radian and steradian, and 5 solved examples.

2. Significant figures

   Rules for counting significant figures, arithmetic with significant figures, rounding off, and 5 solved examples.

3. Errors in measurement

   Types of error, absolute, relative and percentage error, and the rules for combining errors, with 5 solved examples.

4. Least count: vernier callipers and screw gauge

   Least count of vernier callipers and a screw gauge, how to take readings, zero error and its correction, with 5 solved examples.

5. Dimensions of physical quantities

   The seven base dimensions, a table of dimensions for common mechanical quantities, dimensionless quantities, and 5 solved examples.

6. Dimensional formulae and equations

   Dimensional formula and equation, a table of common dimensional formulae, dimensional and dimensionless constants, and 5 solved examples.

7. Dimensional analysis

   Principle of homogeneity, checking equations, deducing relations such as T = k√(l/g), limitations of dimensional analysis, and 5 solved examples.

Motion in a Straight Line

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 2

1. Frame of reference and displacement

   Frame of reference, position, path length and displacement, average speed and velocity, uniform and non-uniform motion, x-t graphs, and 5 solved examples.

2. Velocity and speed

   Instantaneous velocity and speed, the slope of the position-time graph, velocity from x(t) by differentiation, and 5 solved examples.

3. Acceleration

   Average and instantaneous acceleration, velocity-time graphs, displacement and distance from the area under the v-t graph, and 5 solved examples.

4. Equations of motion

   The three equations of motion, free fall with a = −g, Galileo’s law of odd numbers, stopping distance and reaction time, and 6 solved examples.

5. Relative velocity

   Relative velocity v_AB = v_A − v_B in one and two dimensions, rain and river problems, overtaking time, and 6 solved examples.

Motion in a Plane

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 3

1. Scalars and vectors

   Scalars and vectors with examples, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, and NCERT exercises on classifying quantities, with 6 solved examples.

2. Multiplying a vector by a number

   Multiplying a vector by positive and negative numbers, displacement and momentum as scalar multiples, and 5 solved examples.

3. Adding vectors graphically

   Triangle law, parallelogram law, null vector and vector subtraction, with 6 solved examples including the rain-umbrella problem.

4. Resolution of vectors

   Unit vectors, rectangular components, magnitude and direction of a vector from its components, direction cosines, and 6 solved examples.

5. Adding vectors by components

   Adding vectors by components, law of cosines for the resultant and its direction, the motorboat example, and 5 solved examples.

6. Position, velocity and acceleration in a plane

   Position vector, displacement, velocity and acceleration in a plane in component form, magnitude and direction of velocity, and 5 solved examples.

7. Constant acceleration in a plane

   Equations of motion in a plane in vector and component form, treating x and y motions separately, and 5 solved examples.

8. Projectile motion

   Projectile motion: equation of path, time of flight, maximum height, horizontal range and maximum range, with 6 solved examples.

9. Uniform circular motion

   Uniform circular motion: centripetal acceleration, angular speed, time period and frequency, v = ωR, and 5 solved examples.

Laws of Motion

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 4

1. Law of inertia

   Inertia of rest, motion and direction with daily-life examples, why inertia depends only on mass (not speed or gravity), and Galileo’s planes in brief.

2. Newton’s first law

   Inertia of rest, motion and direction, mass as the measure of inertia and inertial frames, with two common mistakes about force and motion.

3. Newton’s second law

   Direct use of F = ma and F = dp/dt: impulse, apparent weight in a lift and the SI unit of force, with a quick revision summary.

4. Newton’s third law

   Spotting action-reaction pairs in walking, swimming and a horse pulling a cart, the recoil of a gun, and why the pair never cancels.

5. Conservation of momentum

   Recoil speed of a gun (V = −mv/M), bodies that stick together, and why kinetic energy can be lost while momentum is still conserved.

6. Equilibrium of a particle

   Equilibrium of concurrent forces with ΣF_x = 0 and ΣF_y = 0, Lami’s theorem for three forces and the closed triangle of forces, with solved examples.

7. Friction

   Laws of friction, μ_s and μ_k, the angle of repose (tan θ = μ_s), rolling friction and ways of reducing friction, with quick numericals.

8. Dynamics of circular motion

   Centripetal force f_c = mv^²/R, the highest speed on a level road, v = √(μ_s R g), and the banking angle tan θ = v^²/(Rg), with quick numericals.

9. Solving problems in mechanics

   Drawing free-body diagrams, finding tension and contact forces, and the Atwood machine formulas a = (m_₁ − m_₂)g/(m_₁ + m_₂) and T = 2m_₁m_₂g/(m_₁ + m_₂).

Work, Energy and Power

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 5

1. Scalar product

   A·B = AB cos θ, the sign of the dot product, i·i = 1 and i·j = 0, and quick numericals on the angle between two vectors.

2. Work-energy theorem

   K_f − K_i = W_net with quick numericals: speed after a push, braking distance and the work done by air resistance on a falling drop.

3. Work

   W = Fd cos θ, when work is zero, the sign of work done by friction and gravity, and the joule with its dimensions [M L^² T^⁻²].

4. Kinetic energy

   K = ½mv^² with quick numericals, how K changes when speed or momentum changes, and why keeping 10% of the kinetic energy leaves about 32% of the speed.

5. Work done by a variable force

   Work from the area under an F–x graph, the integral W = ∫F dx, and the spring result ½kx^², with short numericals.

6. Work-energy theorem (variable force)

   The result K_f − K_i = ∫F dx, the steps dK = F dx, and why the theorem gives speed but not time, with short numericals.

7. Potential energy

   V = mgh with quick numericals, why friction has no potential energy, and the definitions of conservative and non-conservative forces.

8. Conservation of mechanical energy

   K + V = constant with quick numericals: falling bodies, pendulums released from an angle, and the minimum speed √(5gL) for a vertical circle.

9. Potential energy of a spring

   F = −kx and V = ½kx^² with quick numericals: stored energy, the effect of doubling the stretch, and the speed of a ball launched by a spring.

10. Power

    P = W/t and P = Fv with quick numericals, 1 hp = 746 W, and why the kWh on an electricity bill is a unit of energy.

11. Collisions

    Momentum always conserved, kinetic energy only in elastic collisions, the 1D elastic formulas and special cases, and energy transfer in neutron moderation.

Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 6

1. Rigid body motion

   Telling pure translation from rotation, examples of each kind of motion, and the speeds of points on a rolling wheel, with 3 solved examples.

2. Centre of mass

   The two-particle rule m_₁r_₁ = m_₂r_₂, coordinates of the centre of mass for several particles, and the disc-with-a-hole problem, with 3 solved examples.

3. Motion of the centre of mass

   MA = F_ext, the centre of mass staying at rest with no external force, and quick numericals on explosions, boats and skaters, with 3 solved examples.

4. Momentum of a system

   P = MV, dP/dt = F_ext, momentum conserved with no external force, and decays and explosions worked numerically, with 3 solved examples.

5. Vector product

   |a × b| = ab sin θ, the right-hand rule, i × j = k and the cycle, b × a = −a × b, and parallel vectors giving zero, with 3 solved examples.

6. Angular velocity

   ω = dθ/dt, rpm to rad s^⁻¹, v = ωr, α = dω/dt, and tangential and centripetal acceleration, with 3 solved examples.

7. Torque and angular momentum

   τ = rF sin θ = r⊥F, l = r⊥p, dL/dt = τ_ext and conservation when the external torque is zero, with 3 solved examples.

8. Equilibrium of a rigid body

   ΣF = 0 and Στ = 0, the principle of moments d_₁F_₁ = d_₂F_₂, mechanical advantage, and the centre of gravity, with 3 solved examples.

9. Experiment: mass with a metre scale

   The Unit 20 metre-scale experiment: apparatus, procedure, a record table, precautions and the formula m = Md_₂/d_₁, with 3 solved examples.

10. Moment of inertia

    I = Σmr^², K = ½Iω^², I = Mk^² and the standard values for ring, disc, rod and sphere, with 3 solved examples.

11. Parallel and perpendicular axes

    I_z = I_x + I_y for flat bodies and I = I_cm + Md^² for any body, with the standard results for rods, rings and discs and 3 solved examples.

12. Rotational kinematics

    ω = ω_₀ + αt, θ = ω_₀t + ½αt^², ω^² = ω_₀^² + 2αθ, rpm conversions and counting revolutions, with 3 solved examples.

13. Rotational dynamics

    τ = Iα, W = τθ, P = τω and the linear–rotational comparison table, with NCERT’s flywheel and rotor problems and 3 solved examples.

14. Angular momentum about an axis

    L = Iω, I_₁ω_₁ = I_₂ω_₂ with no external torque, skaters, divers and turntables, and why kinetic energy changes, with 3 solved examples.

Gravitation

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 7

1. Kepler’s laws

   Kepler’s three laws, speeds at perihelion and aphelion, and quick T^² ∝ a^³ problems in years and AU, with 3 solved examples.

2. Universal law of gravitation

   F = Gm_₁m_₂/r^², how the force changes with mass and distance, the shell theorems and NCERT Example 7.2, with 3 solved examples.

3. Gravitational constant

   The value G = 6.67 × 10^⁻¹¹ N m^² kg^⁻², its dimensions [M^⁻¹ L^³ T^⁻²], G versus g, and Cavendish’s experiment, with 3 solved examples.

4. Acceleration due to gravity

   g = GM/R^², why g does not depend on the falling mass, mass and weight, the mass of the Earth and gravity on the Moon, with 3 solved examples.

5. Variation of g

   g(h) ≈ g(1 − 2h/R), g(d) = g(1 − d/R), g zero at the centre and weight at height, with 3 solved examples.

6. Gravitational potential energy

   U = −Gm_₁m_₂/r, V = −GM/r, the sign convention, the energy to lift a body to great heights and potential versus potential energy, with 3 solved examples.

7. Escape speed

   The escape speed formula and its value, why it does not depend on mass or direction, the Moon’s case and 4 solved examples.

8. Earth satellites

   V = √(GM/r), T^² ∝ r^³, the near-surface values 7.9 km/s and 85 minutes, the geostationary height, why astronauts float, and 4 solved examples.

9. Energy of an orbiting satellite

   E = −GMm/(2r), the ratio K : U : E = 1 : −2 : −1, energy to raise or launch a satellite and 3 solved examples.

Mechanical Properties of Solids

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 8

1. Elasticity and plasticity

   Definitions of elasticity and plasticity, ideal plastics and nearly perfect elastic bodies, fatigue, ‘steel is more elastic than rubber’ and 3 solved examples.

2. Stress and strain

   Definitions, units and dimensions of stress and strain, tensile, compressive, shearing and hydraulic stress, and 4 solved examples.

3. Hooke’s law

   Statement of Hooke’s law, the modulus and its unit, F = −kx for springs, materials that do not obey it, and 4 solved examples.

4. Stress-strain curve

   Yield strength, ultimate strength, brittle versus ductile, elastomers such as rubber and aorta tissue, and 4 solved examples with NCERT data.

5. Elastic moduli

   Formulas, units and typical values of Y, G and B, compressibility, Poisson’s ratio, energy density u = ½σε, and 6 solved examples.

6. Experiment: Young’s modulus of a wire

   The Unit 20 Young’s modulus experiment: apparatus, procedure, precautions, the reference wire and the formula, with 3 solved examples.

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 9

1. Pressure in fluids

   P = P_ₐ + ρgh, units of pressure (Pa, atm, bar, torr), Pascal’s law and the hydraulic lift, and 6 solved examples.

2. Streamline and turbulent flow

   Streamline and turbulent flow, critical velocity, A_₁v_₁ = A_₂v_₂ and volume flow rate, with 4 solved examples.

3. Bernoulli’s principle

   P + ½ρv^² + ρgh = constant, speed of efflux √(2gh), the Magnus effect and aerofoil lift, and 5 solved examples.

4. Viscosity

   η = Fl/(vA) and its dimensions, temperature dependence, F = 6πηav, terminal velocity, and 4 solved examples.

5. Experiment: viscosity from terminal velocity

   The Unit 20 viscosity experiment: apparatus, procedure, observation table, precautions and η = 2a^²(ρ − σ)g/(9v_t), with 3 solved examples.

6. Surface tension

   S = F/(2l), excess pressure 2S/r and 4S/r, angle of contact, h = 2S cos θ/(ρga), wetting agents, and 6 solved examples.

7. Experiment: surface tension by capillary rise

   The Unit 20 surface-tension experiment: apparatus, procedure, precautions, S = rhρg/2 and the effect of detergents, with 4 solved examples.

Thermal Properties of Matter

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 10

1. Temperature and heat

   Definitions of temperature and heat in NCERT’s words, SI units, thermal equilibrium, calories and joules, and 4 solved examples.

2. Measuring temperature

   Fixed points, (t_F − 32)/180 = t_C/100, conversions of readings and of changes, and 4 solved examples.

3. Ideal-gas equation and absolute temperature

   PV = μRT with R = 8.31 J mol^⁻¹ K^⁻¹, Boyle’s and Charles’ laws, T = t_C + 273.15, absolute zero, and 5 solved examples.

4. Thermal expansion

   Δl/l = α_lΔT, α_V = 3α_l, α_V = 1/T for an ideal gas, water densest at 4 °C, thermal stress, and 4 solved examples.

5. Specific heat capacity

   Definitions and units, ΔQ = msΔT, water as a coolant and sea breezes, C_p and C_v of gases, and 5 solved examples.

6. Calorimetry

   NCERT’s definitions of an isolated system and a calorimeter, the method of mixtures, water equivalent and 5 solved examples.

7. Experiment: specific heat by the method of mixtures

   The Unit 20 specific-heat experiment: apparatus, procedure, precautions and the formulas for a solid and a liquid, with 4 solved examples.

8. Change of state

   NCERT’s definitions of melting, boiling, sublimation and latent heat, Q = mL with water’s latent heats, steam burns, and 5 solved examples.

9. Heat transfer

   The three modes of heat transfer in NCERT’s words, thermal conductivity, convection examples, the Dewar flask, Wien’s and Stefan’s laws, and 5 solved examples.

Thermodynamics

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 11

1. Thermal equilibrium

   NCERT’s definitions of equilibrium state, adiabatic and diathermic walls and thermal equilibrium, with 3 solved examples.

2. Zeroth law of thermodynamics

   Statement of the zeroth law, why it is called zeroth, temperature from thermal equilibrium, and 4 solved examples.

3. Heat, internal energy and work

   NCERT’s definitions of internal energy, heat and work, why a body has no ‘heat’, and 4 solved examples.

4. First law of thermodynamics

   Statement of the first law in NCERT’s words, ΔQ = ΔU + PΔV, special cases and 5 solved examples.

5. Specific heat capacity of solids, water and gases

   Definitions and units of s and C, 3R for solids, the calorie and 4186 J kg^⁻¹ K^⁻¹, Mayer’s relation, and 5 solved examples.

6. State variables and equation of state

   NCERT’s definitions of state variables, equation of state and isotherm, extensive and intensive examples, and 4 solved examples.

7. Thermodynamic processes

   Definitions of the four processes, W = μRT ln(V_₂/V_₁), PV^γ = constant, W at constant pressure, cyclic processes and 6 solved examples.

8. Second law of thermodynamics

   The Kelvin–Planck and Clausius statements, η = W/Q_₁, α = Q_₂/W, and 4 solved examples.

9. Reversible and irreversible processes

   Definitions of reversible and irreversible processes, NCERT’s examples, the two causes of irreversibility, and 4 solved examples.

Kinetic Theory

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 12

1. Behaviour of gases

   The ideal-gas equation, R and k_B, Avogadro’s number and the mole, Dalton’s law of partial pressures, and 6 solved examples.

2. Kinetic theory of an ideal gas

   Assumptions of kinetic theory, P = (1/3)ρ⟨v^²⟩, average kinetic energy (3/2)k_B T, rms speed and its dependence on T and m, and 6 solved examples.

3. Law of equipartition of energy

   Degrees of freedom of monatomic and diatomic molecules, ½k_B T per mode, the energy table and 5 solved examples.

4. Specific heat capacity from kinetic theory

   C_v, C_p and γ for monatomic and diatomic gases, C_p − C_v = R, 3R for solids, and 4 solved examples.

5. Mean free path

   The mean free path formula, its dependence on number density and molecular diameter, collision frequency, and 5 solved examples.

Oscillations

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 13

1. Periodic and oscillatory motion

   Period, frequency and the hertz, periodic versus oscillatory motion, and 5 solved examples including NCERT Examples 13.1 and 13.2.

2. Simple harmonic motion

   Amplitude, phase, phase constant and angular frequency of SHM, ω = 2π/T, the displacement–time graph and 5 solved examples.

3. SHM and uniform circular motion

   The reference circle, what the radius, angular speed and starting angle mean for SHM, and 5 solved examples.

4. Velocity and acceleration in SHM

   Velocity and acceleration formulas of SHM, where each is greatest and zero, the phase relations and 5 solved examples.

5. Force law for SHM

   F = −kx, ω = √(k/m), T = 2π√(m/k), the block between two springs and spring combinations, with 5 solved examples.

6. Energy in SHM

   Kinetic and potential energy in SHM, E = ½kA^², energy graphs against time and displacement, and 5 solved examples.

7. The simple pendulum

   T = 2π√(L/g), the seconds pendulum, what the period does and does not depend on, and 5 solved examples.

8. Experiment: simple pendulum and loss of energy

   The Unit 20 simple pendulum experiment: apparatus, procedure, precautions, why the energy is proportional to A^², and the A^²–t graph, with 5 solved examples.

Waves

NCERT Class 11 Physics, Chapter 14

1. Wave motion

   Mechanical, electromagnetic and matter waves, waves carrying energy but not matter, and 5 solved examples.

2. Transverse and longitudinal waves

   Transverse and longitudinal waves with examples, compressions and rarefactions, capillary and gravity waves, and 5 solved examples.

3. Displacement relation for a progressive wave

   The progressive wave equation, k = 2π/λ, ω = 2π/T, direction of travel, and 5 solved examples.

4. Speed of a travelling wave

   v = λν, the string and sound-speed formulas, Newton’s and Laplace’s formulas, NCERT Table 14.1 and 5 solved examples.

5. Principle of superposition of waves

   Superposition, resultant amplitude 2a cos(φ/2), constructive and destructive interference, and 5 solved examples.

6. Reflection of waves and standing waves

   Nodes and antinodes, ν = nv/2L for strings and open pipes, odd harmonics of closed pipes, and 6 solved examples.

7. Experiment: speed of sound with a resonance tube

   The Unit 20 resonance-tube experiment: apparatus, procedure, precautions, v = 2ν(l_₂ − l_₁) and the end correction, with 5 solved examples.

8. Beats

   Beat frequency ν_₁ − ν_₂, waxing a fork and tightening a string, and 5 solved examples including NCERT Example 14.6.

Electric Charges and Fields

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 1

1. Electric charge

   NEET Unit 11, electric charges: like and unlike charges, which rubbed material turns positive or negative, and how a gold-leaf electroscope shows charge.

2. Conductors and insulators

   NEET Unit 11 lists conductors and insulators: which materials are which, where charge goes on each, and why a metal spoon leaks its charge to the ground.

3. Basic properties of electric charge

   NEET Unit 11, conservation of charge: additivity with signs, conservation in an isolated system, quantisation q = ne, and NCERT Examples 1.1 and 1.2 with e = 1.6 × 10^⁻¹⁹ C.

4. Coulomb’s law

   NEET Unit 11, Coulomb’s law: F = k|q_₁q_₂|/r^² with k = 9 × 10^⁹ N m^² C^⁻², attraction and repulsion, the vector form, and 4 solved examples.

5. Forces between multiple charges

   NEET Unit 11, superposition principle: the vector sum of Coulomb forces, equal forces at 60° and 120°, and zero force at the centroid of a triangle of equal charges.

6. Electric field

   NEET Unit 11, electric field due to a point charge: E = kQ/r^², its direction for positive and negative charges, F = qE, and NCERT Examples 1.7 and 1.8.

7. Electric field lines

   NEET Unit 11, electric field lines: properties (start on +, end on −, never cross, no closed loops), field-line pictures of simple charges, and density as strength.

8. Electric flux

   NEET Unit 11, electric flux: the definition E ΔS cos θ, the unit N C^⁻¹ m^², the outward normal on a closed surface, and zero net flux of a uniform field through a cube.

9. Electric dipole

   NEET Unit 11, electric field due to a dipole: p = q × 2a from −q to q, E = 2kp/r^³ on the axis and kp/r^³ on the equator, and polar molecules.

10. Dipole in a uniform field

    NEET Unit 11, torque on an electric dipole in a uniform electric field: τ = p × E, zero net force, greatest torque at 90°, and the force in a non-uniform field.

11. Continuous charge distribution

    NEET Unit 11, continuous charge distribution: linear, surface and volume charge densities with their units, and charge from density for wires, spheres and balls.

12. Gauss’s law

    NEET Unit 11, Gauss’s law: ϕ = q/ε_₀, zero flux with no charge inside, the Gaussian surface, and flux of a charge at the centre of a cube or one face of it.

13. Applications of Gauss’s law

    NEET Unit 11, applications of Gauss’s law: field due to an infinitely long straight wire, a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and a thin spherical shell, inside and outside.

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 2

1. Electrostatic potential energy

   NEET Unit 11, electric potential energy: ΔU = W done by an external force without acceleration, conservative electrostatic force, and the zero chosen at infinity.

2. Electrostatic potential

   NEET Unit 11, electric potential: work per unit positive charge from infinity, potential difference, W = qΔV, the volt and the electron volt.

3. Potential due to a point charge

   NEET Unit 11, electric potential due to a point charge: V = Q/4πε_₀r, its sign, V ∝ 1/r against E ∝ 1/r^², and W = qV from infinity.

4. Potential due to a dipole

   NEET Unit 11, electric potential due to a dipole: V = p cos θ/4πε_₀r^², ±kp/r^² on the axis, zero on the equatorial plane, and V ∝ 1/r^².

5. Potential due to a system of charges

   NEET Unit 11, electric potential due to a system of charges: V = ΣkQ_ᵢ/r_ᵢ, zero-potential points between and outside two charges, and the shell.

6. Equipotential surfaces

   NEET Unit 11, equipotential surfaces: spheres round a point charge, planes in a uniform field, no work along them, and the relation between field and potential.

7. Potential energy of a system of charges

   NEET Unit 11, electric potential energy of a system of two point charges: U = kq_₁q_₂/r, positive for like and negative for unlike charges, and three-charge systems.

8. Potential energy in an external field

   NEET Unit 11, potential energy of a charge and of a dipole in an external field: U = qV, the electron volt, U = −pE cos θ, and stable and unstable alignment.

9. Electrostatics of conductors

   NEET Unit 11, conductors and electrostatic shielding: zero field inside, charge on the outer surface, constant potential, and E = σ/ε_₀ just outside.

10. Dielectrics and polarisation

    NEET Unit 11, dielectrics and electric polarisation: polar and non-polar molecules, polarisation P = ε_₀χ_ₑE, and bound charges that reduce the field inside.

11. Capacitors and capacitance

    NEET Unit 11, capacitors and capacitance: C = Q/V, the farad, µF and pF, and why too high a voltage makes a capacitor leak.

12. The parallel plate capacitor

    NEET Unit 11, parallel plate capacitor: uniform field σ/ε_₀ between the plates, V = Ed, C = ε_₀A/d, and how area and gap change C.

13. Effect of a dielectric on capacitance

    NEET Unit 11, capacitance with a dielectric medium: C = ε_₀KA/d, the dielectric constant K = C/C_₀, and what changes when the battery is removed.

14. Combination of capacitors

    NEET Unit 11, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel: equivalent capacitance, how charge and voltage divide, and networks like NCERT Example 2.9.

15. Energy stored in a capacitor

    NEET Unit 11, energy stored in a capacitor: U = Q^²/2C = ½CV^² = ½QV, energy density of the field, and the energy lost when charge is shared.

Current Electricity

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 3

1. Electric current

   NEET Unit 12, electric current: the rate of flow of charge, the ampere, the number of electrons per second, and the direction of current.

2. Electric currents in conductors

   NEET Unit 12, conduction in metals: free electrons among fixed ions, no net current without a field, and charge carriers in electrolytes.

3. Ohm’s law

   NEET Unit 12, Ohm’s law and electrical resistance: V = RI, resistivity and conductivity, R = ρl/A, and how stretching a wire changes R.

4. Experiment: resistance using Ohm’s law

   NEET Unit 20, Experimental Skills: the resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law, with the circuit, readings, graph and precautions.

5. Drift of electrons

   NEET Unit 12, drift velocity and mobility: relaxation time, I = neAv_d, conductivity from the drift picture, and the size of drift speeds.

6. Limitations of Ohm’s law

   NEET Unit 12, V–I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors: how to tell from a graph or readings, with the diode and GaAs.

7. Resistivity of various materials

   NEET Unit 12, electrical resistivity: classifying conductors, semiconductors and insulators, and why semiconductors suit electronic devices.

8. Temperature dependence of resistivity

   NEET Unit 12, temperature dependence of resistance: the temperature coefficient, heating elements, resistance thermometers and semiconductors.

9. Electrical energy and power

   NEET Unit 12, electrical energy and power: power in a resistor, rated bulbs and heaters, kilowatt hours, and transmission losses.

10. Combination of resistors

    NEET Unit 12, series and parallel combinations of resistors: the formulae, how current and voltage divide, and multi-step networks.

11. Cells, emf and internal resistance

    NEET Unit 12, internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell: terminal voltage, the current I = ε/(R + r), and short circuits.

12. Cells in series and in parallel

    NEET Unit 12, a combination of cells in series and parallel: the equivalent cell, identical cells, and currents through a load.

13. Kirchhoff’s rules

    NEET Unit 12, Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications: the junction rule as charge conservation, the loop rule, and solving two-loop circuits.

14. Wheatstone bridge

    NEET Unit 12, Wheatstone bridge: the balance condition, finding an unknown resistance, and the principle behind the metre bridge.

15. Metre bridge

    NEET Unit 12 lists the metre bridge, and Unit 20 the resistivity of a wire with it: S = R(100 − l)/l, a balance point near the middle, and precautions.

Moving Charges and Magnetism

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 4

1. Magnetic force

   NEET Unit 13: the force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields and on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform field, with directions.

2. Motion in a magnetic field

   NEET Unit 13: force on a moving charge in a uniform field; the circular path, its radius and frequency independent of speed, and the helix and its pitch.

3. Biot–Savart law

   NEET Unit 13, Biot–Savart law: the field of a current element, its direction, how it compares with Coulomb’s law, and the permeability μ_₀.

4. Field on the axis of a loop

   NEET Unit 13, Biot–Savart law and its application to a current-carrying circular loop: the field on the axis and at the centre, and its direction.

5. Ampere’s circuital law

   NEET Unit 13, Ampere’s law and its application to an infinitely long current-carrying straight wire: B = μ_₀I/2πr and the right-hand rule.

6. The solenoid

   NEET Unit 13, Ampere’s law and its application to a solenoid: the uniform field inside, B = μ_₀nI, and its direction by the right-hand rule.

7. Force between parallel currents

   NEET Unit 13: the force between two parallel current-carrying conductors and the definition of the ampere; parallel attract, antiparallel repel.

8. Torque on a current loop

   NEET Unit 13: torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform field, the current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment.

9. Moving coil galvanometer

   NEET Unit 13: the moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter; choosing the shunt and the series resistance.

10. Experiment: galvanometer resistance

    NEET Unit 20 lists this experiment: resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by the half-deflection method, with the circuit and precautions.

Magnetism and Matter

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 5

1. The bar magnet

   NEET Unit 13: bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, field lines, field along and perpendicular to its axis, and torque on a dipole in a uniform field.

2. Gauss’s law for magnetism

   NEET Unit 13 lists magnetic field lines; Gauss’s law for magnetism is not named there but explains them: closed lines, zero flux through a closed surface, no monopoles.

3. Magnetisation and magnetic intensity

   Not named in NEET Unit 13, but the susceptibility χ defined here is what sorts the para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances that Unit 13 lists, with examples.

4. Magnetic properties of materials

   NEET Unit 13: para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, and the effect of temperature on magnetic properties; know the χ and μr ranges of NCERT Table 5.2.

Electromagnetic Induction

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 6

1. Experiments of Faraday and Henry

   NEET Unit 14, electromagnetic induction: the experiments behind Faraday’s law, showing what induces a current, when it reverses and what makes it larger.

2. Magnetic flux

   NEET Unit 14, Faraday’s law: magnetic flux Φ = BA cos θ is the quantity whose rate of change gives the emf; know the area vector, the sign and the weber.

3. Faraday’s law of induction

   NEET Unit 14 names Faraday’s law and induced emf and current: rate of change of flux, N turns, average emf and current, with coil, solenoid and flux-graph problems.

4. Lenz’s law

   NEET Unit 14 names Lenz’s law: the direction of induced currents in loops, coils and moving magnets, and why it follows from conservation of energy.

5. Motional emf

   NEET Unit 14, induced emf and current: motional emf Blv, rods on rails, rotating rods and wheels, and which end of a moving wire is at higher potential.

6. Eddy currents

   Listed in NEET Unit 14; the 2026–27 NCERT book has no section on it and names it only as a transformer loss. Know Lenz-law braking, laminated cores and uses.

7. Inductance

   NEET Unit 14 names self and mutual inductance: solenoid and coil formulas, M12 = M21, back emf, stored energy ½LI^² and magnetic energy density.

8. AC generator

   NEET Unit 14 names the AC generator: emf NBAω sin ωt, peak emf, frequency, when the emf is largest, and the energy conversion.

Alternating Current

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 7

1. AC voltage applied to a resistor

   NEET Unit 14 names peak and rms values of alternating current and voltage: rms from peak, average power in a resistor, and in-phase current.

2. Phasors

   NEET Unit 14, ac circuits: phasor diagrams are the tool for reactance, impedance and LCR problems; read lead and lag and add phasors like vectors.

3. AC voltage applied to an inductor

   NEET Unit 14 lists reactance, power in AC circuits and wattless current: here XL = ωL, the π/2 lag of current in an inductor, its phasor diagram and zero average power.

4. AC voltage applied to a capacitor

   NEET Unit 14 lists reactance, power in AC circuits and wattless current: here XC = 1/ωC, the π/2 lead of current in a capacitor, its phasor diagram and zero average power.

5. Series LCR circuit

   NEET Unit 14 names impedance, the LCR series circuit and resonance: Z, tan φ, phasor sums of voltages, ω0 = 1/√LC and resonance numericals.

6. Power in ac circuits

   NEET Unit 14 names power in AC circuits and wattless current: P = VI cos φ, cos φ = R/Z, power and wattless components, power at resonance.

7. Transformers

   NEET Unit 14 names the transformer: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np, the inverse current ratio, efficiency, the four energy losses and high-voltage transmission.

Electromagnetic Waves

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 8

1. Displacement current

   NEET Unit 15, displacement current: id = ε_₀ dΦE/dt, conduction plus displacement current, the Ampere–Maxwell law and why a charging capacitor has a field between its plates.

2. Electromagnetic waves

   NEET Unit 15, electromagnetic waves: accelerated charges as sources, transverse E and B in phase, c = νλ, B_₀ = E_₀/c, and equal electric and magnetic energy shares.

3. Electromagnetic spectrum

   NEET Unit 15, the electromagnetic spectrum: radio to gamma rays in order, wavelength ranges, sources and detectors, and uses such as radar, remote controls and LASIK.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 9

1. Spherical mirrors

   NEET Unit 16, spherical mirrors: the sign convention, f = R/2, the mirror equation, magnification, and the image a concave or convex mirror gives for each object position.

2. Refraction

   NEET Unit 16, refraction: Snell’s law, refractive index as a ratio of speeds, optical against mass density, and real and apparent depth, with NCERT Exercises 9.3 and 9.16.

3. Experiment: glass slab

   NEET Unit 20 lists this experiment (item 15): refractive index of a glass slab with a travelling microscope, real and apparent thickness, and the precautions.

4. Total internal reflection

   NEET Unit 16, total internal reflection and its uses: the critical angle, sin ic = 1/n, totally reflecting prisms, optical fibres and the sparkle of diamond.

5. Lenses

   NEET Unit 16, lenses: the lens maker’s formula, the thin lens formula, magnification, power in dioptres and combinations of thin lenses in contact.

6. Experiment: focal lengths

   NEET Unit 20 lists this experiment (item 13): parallax, index correction, the concave mirror, the convex mirror with a convex lens, and the convex-lens graphs.

7. Prism

   NEET Unit 16, refraction through a prism: angle of deviation, the angle of minimum deviation, the prism formula for n, and the deviation of a thin prism.

8. Experiment: prism i–δ graph

   NEET Unit 20 lists this experiment (item 14): the plot of the angle of deviation against the angle of incidence for a triangular prism, and its minimum.

9. Optical instruments

   NEET Unit 16, microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers, with the image at the near point or at infinity.

Wave Optics

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 10

1. Huygens principle

   NEET Unit 16, wave optics: wavefront and Huygens principle; shapes of wavefronts (NCERT Exercise 10.2) and how the envelope of wavelets gives the new wavefront.

2. Refraction and reflection by Huygens principle

   NEET Unit 16, laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle, with NCERT Exercises 10.1 and 10.3 and Example 10.1 on frequency and energy.

3. Coherent and incoherent addition

   NEET Unit 16, coherent sources and sustained interference of light: why two lamps give no fringes, the intensity formula, and NCERT Exercise 10.5 (answer K/4).

4. Young’s double-slit experiment

   NEET Unit 16, Young’s double-slit experiment and the fringe width β = λD/d, with NCERT Exercise 10.4 (600 nm) and the positions of bright and dark fringes.

5. Diffraction

   NEET Unit 16, diffraction due to a single slit and the width of the central maximum, 2λ/a in angle and 2λD/a on a screen, and how it differs from interference.

6. Polarisation

   NEET Unit 16, plane-polarised light, uses of plane-polarised light and Polaroid: Malus’ law I = I0 cos^²θ and why only transverse waves can be polarised.

7. Brewster’s law

   NEET Unit 16 lists Brewster’s law with plane-polarised light and polaroids (not in the 2026–27 NCERT text): tan i_B = μ, about 56° for glass, and glare.

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 11

1. Electron emission

   NEET Unit 17, dual nature of radiation: electron emission and the work function, the electron volt, and thermionic, field and photoelectric emission.

2. Photoelectric effect

   NEET Unit 17, photoelectric effect: Hertz and Lenard’s observations, the threshold frequency, and which metals need ultraviolet light and which respond to visible light.

3. Experimental study of the photoelectric effect

   NEET Unit 17, experimental study of the photoelectric effect: graphs of photocurrent against potential, stopping potential, saturation current and threshold frequency.

4. Photoelectric effect and the wave theory

   NEET Unit 17, photoelectric effect: why the wave theory fails, with the stopping potential as the decisive test and an estimate of the expected time lag.

5. Einstein’s photoelectric equation

   NEET Unit 17, Einstein’s photoelectric equation and particle nature of light: Kmax = hν − φ0, threshold frequency and stopping potential, with NCERT Exercises 11.2 and 11.5–11.9.

6. Photon

   NEET Unit 17, particle nature of light: photon energy and momentum, why intensity changes only the number of photons, and photon-number problems.

7. Wave nature of matter

   NEET Unit 17, matter waves and the de Broglie relation: λ = h/p, why everyday objects show no wave nature, and NCERT Example 11.3 and Exercise 11.10.

Atoms

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 12

1. Rutherford’s nuclear model

   NEET Unit 18, alpha-particle scattering experiment and Rutherford’s model of the atom: what the results showed, closest approach, and K, U and E of the electron.

2. Atomic spectra

   NEET Unit 18, hydrogen spectrum: continuous and line spectra, emission and absorption spectra, and the energy and frequency of a spectral line.

3. Bohr model

   NEET Unit 18, Bohr model and energy levels: the postulates, radius and energy of the nth orbit, ground and excited states, and the 13.6 eV ionisation energy.

4. Line spectra of hydrogen

   NEET Unit 18, hydrogen spectrum: photon energy in a transition, spectral series and their regions, and absorption and emission between energy levels.

5. De Broglie and Bohr’s postulate

   NEET Unit 18, Bohr model: de Broglie’s standing-wave picture of the orbits, the whole number of wavelengths round an orbit, and the model’s limitations.

Nuclei

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 13

1. Composition of the nucleus

   NEET Unit 18, composition of the nucleus: protons and neutrons, mass number A = Z + N, the atomic mass unit, and isotopes, isobars and isotones.

2. Size of the nucleus

   NEET Unit 18, size of the nucleus: R = R_₀A^1/3, radius and volume ratios of nuclei, and the constant nuclear density of about 2.3 × 10¹⁷ kg/m^³.

3. Binding energy

   NEET Unit 18, mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, with the curve peaking near iron-56 and falling for heavy nuclei.

4. Nuclear force

   Not named in NEET Unit 18, but it explains the binding energy per nucleon curve that Unit 18 lists: stronger than the Coulomb force, short range, charge independence, potential energy.

5. Nuclear energy

   NEET Unit 18, nuclear fission and fusion: why both release energy, about 200 MeV per fission, fusion in the sun, and Q values of nuclear reactions.

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

NCERT Class 12 Physics, Chapter 14

1. Metals, insulators and semiconductors

   NEET Unit 19, Electronic Devices, lists semiconductors; this page covers energy bands of solids, the band gaps of C, Si and Ge, and resistivity ranges.

2. Intrinsic semiconductor

   NEET Unit 19, Electronic Devices, lists semiconductors; this page covers intrinsic semiconductors, electrons and holes, and thermal generation of pairs.

3. Extrinsic semiconductor

   NEET Unit 19, Electronic Devices, lists semiconductors; this page covers extrinsic semiconductors, n-type and p-type, donors, acceptors and majority carriers.

4. p-n junction

   NEET Unit 19, Electronic Devices, lists semiconductors and the diode; this page covers the p-n junction, its depletion region and barrier potential.

5. Semiconductor diode

   NEET Unit 19 lists the semiconductor diode and its I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; Unit 20 has the experiment on the characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode.

6. Junction diode as a rectifier

   NEET Unit 19 lists the diode as a rectifier; this page covers half-wave and full-wave rectifiers, output frequency and the capacitor filter.

7. Zener diode

   NEET Unit 19 lists the Zener diode as a voltage regulator, and Unit 20 its characteristic and breakdown voltage (no NCERT textbook section): Zener and avalanche breakdown, the protective resistor.

8. LED, photodiode and solar cell

   NEET Unit 19 lists the I-V characteristics of the LED, the photodiode and the solar cell (no NCERT textbook section): which bias each uses, and its I-V curve and quadrant.

9. Experiment: identifying components

   NEET Unit 20, item 18: telling a diode, LED, resistor and capacitor apart with a multimeter: how each responds both ways, their markings, and precautions.

10. Logic gates

    NEET Unit 19 lists logic gates, OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR (no NCERT textbook section): the symbol and truth table of each gate, and gates in combination.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 1

1. Nature of matter

   NEET Unit 1 basics: states of matter, mixtures against pure substances, elements against compounds, and physical against chemical separation, with 3 solved examples.

2. Laws of chemical combination

   The five laws of chemical combination for NEET Unit 1: statements, who gave them and when, standard examples, and 4 solved examples.

3. Dalton’s atomic theory

   Dalton’s atomic theory for NEET Unit 1: the four postulates, what they explain and what they cannot, with 3 solved examples and 6 practice questions.

4. Atomic and molecular masses

   Atomic mass unit, average atomic mass, molecular mass and formula mass for NEET Unit 1, with NCERT’s carbon, chlorine and argon data and 4 solved examples.

5. Mole concept

   Mole, Avogadro constant and molar mass for NEET Unit 1, with the mass–mole–particle conversions, gas volumes and 5 solved examples.

6. Percentage composition

   Percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulas for NEET Unit 1, with NCERT’s water and ethanol examples and 4 solved examples, including NCERT Problem 1.2.

7. Stoichiometry

   Stoichiometry for NEET Unit 1: balancing equations, limiting reagent, molarity and molality, with solved NCERT problems and 10 practice questions.

Structure of Atom

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 2

1. Developments leading to Bohr’s model

   Photoelectric effect, Planck’s quantum, wavelength, frequency and wavenumber, and the hydrogen spectral series for NEET Unit 2, with 6 solved examples and 10 practice questions.

2. Bohr’s model

   Bohr’s model for NEET Unit 2: postulates, derivation of r_ₙ and E_ₙ, r_ₙ = 52.9 n^²/Z pm, E_ₙ = −2.18 × 10^⁻¹⁸ Z^²/n^² J, spectral lines and limitations, with 6 solved examples.

3. Towards the quantum mechanical model

   de Broglie wavelength and the uncertainty principle for NEET Unit 2, with 6 solved examples and 10 practice questions on electrons, neutrons and everyday objects.

4. Quantum mechanical model

   Quantum numbers, orbital shapes, aufbau, Pauli and Hund, and electronic configurations for NEET Unit 2, with 6 solved examples and 14 practice questions.

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 3

1. Modern periodic law

   The modern periodic law and the long form of the periodic table for NEET Unit 9: atomic number, periods, groups and the anomalies of the atomic-mass order.

2. Naming elements above 100

   IUPAC nomenclature of elements with Z above 100 for NEET Unit 9: roots, three-letter symbols and official names, with 5 solved examples and 7 practice questions.

3. Configurations and the periodic table

   Electronic configurations in periods and groups for NEET Unit 9: period lengths, the 3d and 4d series, lanthanoids and actinoids, and Group 1 ns^¹.

4. s, p, d and f blocks

   s-, p-, d- and f-block elements for NEET Unit 9: configurations, typical properties, metals, non-metals and metalloids, with 4 solved examples and 7 practice questions.

5. Periodic trends

   Periodic trends for NEET Unit 9: atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity and reactivity, with 7 solved examples and 14 practice questions.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 4

1. Kössel–Lewis approach

   Octet rule, ionic and covalent bonds, Lewis structures, formal charge and exceptions to the octet rule for NEET Unit 3, with 5 solved examples and 9 practice questions.

2. Ionic bond

   Ionic bond formation and lattice enthalpy for NEET Unit 3, with 5 solved examples and 7 practice questions.

3. Bond parameters

   Bond parameters, resonance, dipole moment and Fajans’ rules for NEET Unit 3, with 5 solved examples and 10 practice questions.

4. VSEPR theory

   VSEPR theory and molecular shapes for NEET Unit 3, with 5 solved examples and 7 practice questions.

5. Valence bond theory

   Valence bond theory, overlap and σ and π bonds for NEET Unit 3, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

6. Hybridisation

   Hybridisation and molecular shapes for NEET Unit 3, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

7. Molecular orbital theory

   Molecular orbital theory, bond order and magnetic nature for NEET Unit 3, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

8. Homonuclear diatomic molecules

   MO diagrams of second-row diatomic molecules for NEET Unit 3, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

9. Hydrogen bonding

   Hydrogen bonding, its types and effects on boiling point, density and solubility for NEET Unit 3, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

10. Metallic bonding

    Elementary idea of metallic bonding for NEET Unit 3, not in the NCERT Class 11 book: electron sea model and properties of metals, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

Thermodynamics

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 5

1. Thermodynamic terms

   Thermodynamic terms and the first law for NEET Unit 4, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

2. Work, enthalpy and heat capacity

   Work, enthalpy and heat capacity for NEET Unit 4, with 5 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

3. Calorimetry

   Calorimetry for NEET Unit 4: bomb and constant-pressure calorimeters, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

4. Reaction enthalpy and Hess’s law

   Reaction enthalpy, enthalpy of formation and Hess’s law for NEET Unit 4, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

5. Combustion, bond and lattice enthalpies

   Enthalpies of combustion, atomisation, bond, lattice and solution for NEET Unit 4, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

6. Enthalpy of neutralization

   The Unit 20 neutralisation experiment: apparatus, procedure, precautions and calculation, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

7. Experiment: enthalpy of solution of copper sulphate

   The Unit 20 copper sulphate experiment: apparatus, procedure, precautions and calculation, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

8. Spontaneity, entropy and Gibbs energy

   Spontaneity, entropy and Gibbs energy for NEET Unit 4, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

9. Gibbs energy and equilibrium

   Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant for NEET Unit 4, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

Equilibrium

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 6

1. Equilibrium in physical processes

   Physical equilibria for NEET Unit 6: phase changes, vapour pressure, solubility and Henry’s law, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

2. Dynamic equilibrium in chemical processes

   Dynamic equilibrium for NEET Unit 6: reversible reactions, equal rates and the isotope experiment, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

3. Law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant

   Equilibrium constant for NEET Unit 6: law of mass action, Kc and changing the equation, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

4. Homogeneous equilibria

   Homogeneous equilibria for NEET Unit 6: Kp, Kc and Δn, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

5. Heterogeneous equilibria

   Heterogeneous equilibria for NEET Unit 6: writing K without solids and liquids, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

6. Applications of equilibrium constants

   Applications of K for NEET Unit 6: extent, direction with Q, and equilibrium concentrations, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

7. Equilibrium constant, reaction quotient and Gibbs energy

   K, Q and Gibbs energy for NEET Unit 6: direction from ΔG, K from ΔG⊖, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

8. Factors affecting equilibria

   Factors affecting equilibria for NEET Unit 6: Le Chatelier’s principle case by case, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

9. Ionic equilibrium in solution

   Ionic equilibrium for NEET Unit 6: strong and weak electrolytes and ionisation in water, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

10. Acids, bases and salts

    Acids, bases and salts for NEET Unit 6: the three acid–base concepts and conjugate pairs, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

11. Ionization of acids and bases

    Ionization of acids and bases for NEET Unit 6: pH, Ka, Kb and hydrolysis, with 10 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

12. Experiment: acid-base titration with an indicator

    The Unit 20 acid–base titration: apparatus, procedure, indicators and calculation, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

13. Buffer solutions

    Buffer solutions for NEET Unit 6: acetate and ammonia buffers and the Henderson equation, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

14. Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts

    Solubility product for NEET Unit 6: Ksp, molar solubility and the common ion effect, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

Redox Reactions

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 7

1. Classical idea of oxidation and reduction

   Classical idea of redox reactions for NEET Unit 7: oxidation, reduction and redox, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

2. Redox reactions as electron transfer

   Redox as electron transfer for NEET Unit 7: loss and gain of electrons and the activity order, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

3. Oxidation number

   Oxidation number for NEET Unit 7: rules, types of redox reactions and balancing, with 9 solved examples and 12 practice questions.

4. Redox reactions and electrode processes

   Electrode processes for NEET Unit 7: the Daniell cell and standard electrode potentials, with 4 solved examples and 9 practice questions.

Organic Chemistry: Some Basic Principles and Techniques

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 8

1. Tetravalence of carbon and shapes

   Tetravalence of carbon for NEET Unit 14: hybridisation, shapes and π bonds, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

2. Structural representations

   Structural representations for NEET Unit 14: complete, condensed, bond-line and 3-D formulas, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

3. Classification of organic compounds

   Classification of organic compounds for NEET Unit 14: chains, rings, functional groups and homologous series, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

4. IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds

   IUPAC nomenclature for NEET Unit 14: alkanes, functional groups and benzene derivatives, with 6 solved examples and 10 practice questions.

5. Isomerism

   Isomerism for NEET Unit 14: structural and stereoisomerism with examples, with 5 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

6. Organic reaction mechanism

   Reaction mechanism basics for NEET Unit 14: fission, reagents and electronic effects, with 6 solved examples and 9 practice questions.

7. Purification of organic compounds

   Purification methods for NEET Unit 13: distillation types, extraction and chromatography, with 4 solved examples and 9 practice questions.

8. Qualitative analysis of organic compounds

   Qualitative analysis for NEET Unit 13: tests for C, H, N, S, halogens and P, with 5 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

9. Quantitative analysis

   Quantitative analysis for NEET Unit 13: C, H, N, halogens, S, P and O estimation, with 6 solved examples and 9 practice questions.

Hydrocarbons

NCERT Class 11 Chemistry, Chapter 9

1. Classification of hydrocarbons

   Classification of hydrocarbons for NEET Unit 15: saturated, unsaturated and aromatic, with 4 solved examples and 8 practice questions.

2. Alkanes

   Alkanes for NEET Unit 15: preparation, free radical halogenation and ethane conformations, with 7 solved examples and 20 practice questions.

3. Alkenes

   Alkenes for NEET Unit 15: isomerism, Markovnikov and peroxide addition, ozonolysis and tests for unsaturation, with 7 solved examples and 24 practice questions.

4. Alkynes

   Alkynes for NEET Unit 15: structure, acidic character, addition reactions and cyclic polymerisation to benzene, with 6 solved examples and 18 practice questions.

5. Aromatic hydrocarbons

   Aromatic hydrocarbons for NEET Unit 15: benzene’s structure, aromaticity, electrophilic substitution and directing groups, with 6 solved examples and 17 practice questions.

Solutions

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 1

1. Types of solutions

   NEET Unit 5, Solutions, lists the different methods of expressing concentration; this page lays the groundwork: solvent, solute and the nine types of solution.

2. Concentration of solutions

   NEET Unit 5 lists molality, molarity, mole fraction and percentage by volume and mass; this page covers each, and which of them change with temperature.

3. Solubility

   NEET names Henry’s law in Unit 6, Equilibrium (physical processes), not in Unit 5; this page covers solubility and Henry’s law with its uses, as in NCERT Section 1.3.

4. Vapour pressure of solutions

   NEET Unit 5 lists the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law, and vapour pressure–composition plots; this page covers both, with worked examples.

5. Ideal and non-ideal solutions

   NEET Unit 5 lists ideal and non-ideal solutions and vapour pressure–composition plots for them; this page covers both, with examples and azeotropes.

6. Colligative properties

   NEET Unit 5 lists the four colligative properties of dilute solutions and finding molecular mass from them; this page covers all four, with worked NCERT examples.

7. Abnormal molar masses

   NEET Unit 5 lists the abnormal value of molar mass and the van ’t Hoff factor and its significance; this page covers both, with worked NCERT examples.

Electrochemistry

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 2

1. Electrochemical cells

   NEET Unit 7, Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry, lists electrolytic and galvanic cells; this page sets out both through the Daniell cell.

2. Galvanic cells

   NEET Unit 7 lists types of electrodes, standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, and the emf of a galvanic cell and its measurement.

3. Nernst equation

   NEET Unit 7 lists the Nernst equation and its applications and the relationship between cell potential and Gibbs energy change; both are here.

4. Conductance of electrolytic solutions

   NEET Unit 7 lists electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance, molar conductivities and their variation with concentration, and Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.

5. Electrolytic cells and electrolysis

   NEET Unit 7 lists electrolytic and galvanic cells; this page covers electrolytic cells, Faraday’s laws and which products form at each electrode.

6. Batteries

   NEET Unit 7 lists the dry cell and lead accumulator; this page gives their construction and reactions, with the mercury and nickel-cadmium cells.

7. Fuel cells

   NEET Unit 7 lists fuel cells; this page covers the hydrogen–oxygen cell, its reactions and voltage, and why fuel cells are efficient.

Chemical Kinetics

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 3

1. Rate of a chemical reaction

   NEET Unit 8, Chemical Kinetics, starts with the rate of a chemical reaction; this page covers average and instantaneous rates and their units.

2. Factors influencing rate

   NEET Unit 8 lists elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity, rate law, rate constant and its units; all are here.

3. Experiment: iodide and hydrogen peroxide

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment: the iodine clock, timing the blue colour with thiosulphate and starch, and how the rate depends on iodide concentration.

4. Integrated rate equations

   NEET Unit 8 lists the differential and integral forms of zero and first order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives; all are here.

5. Temperature dependence of rate

   NEET Unit 8 lists temperature and catalysts as factors, Arrhenius theory, and activation energy and its calculation; all are here.

6. Collision theory

   NEET Unit 8 lists collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation): collision frequency, threshold energy, orientation and the steric factor are here.

The p-Block Elements

1. Group 13 elements

   NEET Unit 10 lists groups 13 to 18 of the p-block; here group 13: configuration, oxidation states and the inert pair effect, trends, properties and boron’s anomaly.

2. Group 14 elements

   NEET Unit 10 lists groups 13 to 18 of the p-block; here group 14: configuration, +4 and +2 states, trends, oxides, halides and carbon’s anomaly.

3. Group 15 elements

   NEET Unit 10 lists groups 13 to 18 of the p-block; here group 15: configuration, −3, +3 and +5 states, trends, hydrides, oxides, halides and nitrogen’s anomaly.

4. Group 16 elements

   NEET Unit 10 lists groups 13 to 18 of the p-block; here group 16: configuration, −2 to +6 states, trends, hydrides, oxides, halides and oxygen’s anomaly.

5. Group 17 elements

   NEET Unit 10 lists groups 13 to 18 of the p-block; here group 17: configuration, oxidation states, trends, oxidising power, hydrides, oxides, interhalogens and fluorine’s anomaly.

6. Group 18 elements

   NEET Unit 10 lists groups 13 to 18 of the p-block; here group 18: configuration, trends, low reactivity, the xenon fluorides and oxides, and helium.

The d- and f-Block Elements

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 4

1. Position in the periodic table

   NEET Unit 11 opens with a general introduction to the transition elements: their place in the table, the four series and the f-block are here.

2. Electronic configurations

   NEET Unit 11 lists the electronic configuration of the transition elements: the general pattern, the Cr and Cu exceptions and ion configurations are here.

3. Occurrence

   NEET Unit 11 lists occurrence with the transition elements; here: minerals and ores, native metals, and the ores of iron, copper, chromium and manganese with formulas.

4. General properties

   NEET Unit 11 lists these first-row trends: physical properties, ionisation enthalpy, oxidation states, radii, colour, catalysis, magnetism, complexes, interstitial compounds and alloys.

5. Important compounds

   NEET Unit 11 lists the preparation, properties and uses of K_₂Cr_₂O_₇ and KMnO_₄; both are here with their half-reactions, plus the oxides of the 3d metals.

6. Experiment: KMnO₄ titrations

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment: KMnO_₄ standardised against oxalic acid (hot) and Mohr’s salt, as in the NCERT Laboratory Manual, Unit 6, with the calculations.

7. Lanthanoids

   NEET Unit 11 lists the lanthanoids’ electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction; all three are here, with Ce^⁴⁺, Eu^²⁺ and Yb^²⁺.

8. Actinoids

   NEET Unit 11 lists the actinoids’ electronic configuration and oxidation states; both are here, with the actinoid contraction and the comparison with lanthanoids.

Coordination Compounds

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 5

1. Werner’s theory

   NEET Unit 12 lists Werner’s theory; this page covers primary and secondary valences, the AgCl and conductivity evidence, the postulates and double salts against complexes.

2. Experiment: double salts

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment: Mohr’s salt and potash alum prepared as double salts by crystallising equimolar mixtures, as in the NCERT Laboratory Manual, Unit 9.

3. Ligands and other terms

   NEET Unit 12 lists ligands, coordination number, denticity and chelation; this page adds ambidentate ligands, polyhedra, oxidation number and homoleptic complexes.

4. Nomenclature

   NEET Unit 12 lists IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds; this page covers formula order, ligand names, -ate anions and oxidation states.

5. Isomerism

   NEET Unit 12 lists isomerism of coordination compounds; this page covers cis, trans, fac and mer, optical isomers, and the four structural types.

6. Bonding: VBT and CFT

   NEET Unit 12 lists bonding by the valence bond approach and basic ideas of crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; this page covers each.

7. Metal carbonyls

   Not named in NEET Unit 12, but it applies the bonding that Unit 12 lists to CO complexes: homoleptic carbonyls, their shapes, the zero oxidation state and synergic σ and π bonding.

8. Importance and applications

   NEET Unit 12 lists the importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems; this page covers each.

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 6

1. Classification

   NEET Unit 14 lists classifying compounds “containing halogens”; Unit 16’s methods and reactions then turn on these classes: 1°, 2°, 3°, allylic, benzylic, vinylic and aryl halides.

2. Nomenclature

   NEET Unit 14 lists “Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)”; for halogen compounds: common and IUPAC names, haloalkenes, o-, m-, p-, gem and vic dihalides, and the C_₅H_₁₁Br isomers.

3. Nature of C–X bond

   NEET Unit 16 lists the nature of the C–X bond; this page covers its polarity and the bond length, enthalpy and dipole trends from F to I.

4. Preparation of haloalkanes

   NEET Unit 16 lists general methods of preparation; for haloalkanes: alcohols with HX, PX_₃, PCl_₅ or SOCl_₂, alkanes, alkenes, Finkelstein and Swarts.

5. Preparation of haloarenes

   NEET Unit 16 lists general methods of preparation; for haloarenes: halogenation with Fe or FeCl_₃, why iodine and fluorine differ, and Sandmeyer’s reaction.

6. Physical properties

   NEET Unit 16 lists the properties of halogen compounds; this page: boiling point orders, branching, para isomers’ melting points, density and solubility.

7. Chemical reactions

   NEET Unit 16 lists reactions and “mechanisms of substitution reactions”; this page covers SN1 and SN2, inversion and racemisation, elimination, Grignard, Wurtz and haloarenes.

8. Polyhalogen compounds

   NEET Unit 16 lists the uses and environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT; this page covers them with CH_₂Cl_₂ and CCl_₄.

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 7

1. Classification

   NEET Unit 17 covers alcohols, phenols and ethers; this page sorts them: mono- to polyhydric, 1°, 2°, 3°, allylic, benzylic, phenols and ethers.

2. Nomenclature

   NEET Unit 14 lists nomenclature and Unit 17 alcohols, phenols and ethers; here: -ol names, diols, cresols, benzenediols, alkoxy names of ethers.

3. Structures of functional groups

   NEET Unit 17 covers alcohols, phenols and ethers; this page explains their structures: bond lengths, angles at oxygen and phenol’s shorter C–O bond.

4. Alcohols and phenols

   NEET Unit 17 lists identifying 1°, 2° and 3° alcohols, the dehydration mechanism, and phenol’s acidity, halogenation, nitration, sulphonation and Reimer–Tiemann reaction.

5. Experiment: tests for –OH groups

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book does not describe the method.

6. Commercially important alcohols

   NEET Unit 17 asks for the preparation, properties and uses of alcohols; this page covers the two commercial ones, methanol and ethanol.

7. Ethers

   NEET Unit 17 lists the preparation, properties and reactions of ethers and names their structure; this page covers Williamson synthesis and cleavage by HI.

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 8

1. Carbonyl group: names and structure

   NEET Unit 17 lists the nature of the carbonyl group; this page covers naming aldehydes and ketones and the planar, polar structure of C=O.

2. Preparation of aldehydes and ketones

   NEET Unit 17 lists general methods of preparation; this page covers the routes to aldehydes and ketones, including the named reactions.

3. Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones

   NEET Unit 17 lists properties of aldehydes and ketones; this page covers their boiling points, solubility and the reasons behind them.

4. Reactions of aldehydes and ketones

   NEET Unit 17 lists nucleophilic addition, relative reactivity, HCN and NH_₃ derivatives, Wolff–Kishner and Clemmensen, α-hydrogen acidity, aldol, Cannizzaro and haloform.

5. Experiment: tests for aldehydes and ketones

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 8.4) but does not describe the method.

6. Experiment: preparation of iodoform

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 8.4) but does not describe the method.

7. Uses of aldehydes and ketones

   NEET Unit 17 lists the uses of oxygen compounds; this page covers the uses of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone and others.

8. Carboxyl group: names and structure

   NEET Unit 17 covers carboxylic acids; this page covers their common and IUPAC names and the structure of the carboxyl group.

9. Preparation of carboxylic acids

   NEET Unit 17 lists general methods of preparation; this page covers the routes to carboxylic acids, including the Grignard and nitrile routes that add a carbon.

10. Physical properties of carboxylic acids

    NEET Unit 17 lists properties of carboxylic acids; this page covers their hydrogen-bonded dimers, boiling points and solubility, with NCERT data.

11. Chemical reactions of carboxylic acids

    NEET Unit 17 lists the acidic strength of carboxylic acids and the factors affecting it; this page covers both with NCERT’s pKa data, and the main reactions.

12. Experiment: tests for the carboxyl group

    A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 8.9.1 and 8.9.2) but does not describe the method.

13. Uses of carboxylic acids

    NEET Unit 17 lists the uses of oxygen compounds; this page covers the uses of carboxylic acids, from vinegar and nylon-6,6 to food preservatives and soaps.

Amines

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 9

1. Structure of amines

   NEET Unit 18 lists the structure of amines; this page covers the sp^³ nitrogen, its lone pair and the pyramidal shape, with a note on the measured angle.

2. Classification of amines

   NEET Unit 18 lists the classification of amines; this page covers 1°, 2° and 3° amines, simple and mixed amines, and how they differ from alcohol classes.

3. Nomenclature of amines

   NEET Unit 18 lists the nomenclature of amines; this page covers common and IUPAC names, N-locants and the isomers of C_₄H_₁₁N.

4. Preparation of amines

   NEET Unit 18 lists general methods of preparation of amines; this page covers all six NCERT routes, with the carbon count of each and NCERT’s slips.

5. Physical properties of amines

   NEET Unit 18 lists properties of amines; this page covers their solubility and boiling points, primary > secondary > tertiary, with NCERT’s data.

6. Chemical reactions of amines

   NEET Unit 18 lists the basic character and identification of 1°, 2° and 3° amines; this page covers both, with NCERT’s pKb data and the class tests.

7. Experiment: tests for the amino group

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 9.6 and 9.9) but does not describe the method.

8. Experiment: preparation of acetanilide and p-nitroacetanilide

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 9.6) but does not describe the method.

9. Preparation of diazonium salts

   NEET Unit 18 lists the importance of diazonium salts in synthesis; this page covers how they are made, by diazotisation at 273–278 K.

10. Physical properties of diazonium salts

    NEET Unit 18 lists diazonium salts; this page covers their appearance, solubility and stability, which decide how they are handled.

11. Chemical reactions of diazonium salts

    NEET Unit 18 lists the importance of diazonium salts in synthesis; this page covers every NCERT replacement reaction and coupling.

12. Experiment: preparation of aniline yellow

    A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 9.7 and 9.9) but does not describe the method.

13. Diazonium salts in the synthesis of aromatic compounds

    NEET Unit 18 lists the importance of diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry; this page covers NCERT Section 9.10 and Example 9.5.

Biomolecules

NCERT Class 12 Chemistry, Chapter 10

1. Carbohydrates

   NEET Unit 19 lists classification, aldoses and ketoses, glucose and fructose, and sucrose, lactose and maltose; all are on this page.

2. Proteins

   NEET Unit 19 lists α-amino acids, the peptide bond, polypeptides, the four levels of protein structure and denaturation; all are on this page.

3. Enzymes

   NEET Unit 19 lists enzymes under proteins; this page covers NCERT Section 10.3 and the mechanism of enzyme action.

4. Vitamins

   NEET Unit 19 lists vitamins: classification and functions; this page covers both, with NCERT Table 10.3.

5. Nucleic acids

   NEET Unit 19 lists the chemical constitution of DNA and RNA; this page covers it, with structure, functions and DNA fingerprinting.

6. Hormones

   NEET Unit 19 lists hormones (general introduction); this page covers it as in NCERT Section 10.6.

Practical Chemistry

1. Experiment: preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book does not describe the method.

2. Experiment: salt analysis, anions

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book does not describe the method.

3. Experiment: salt analysis, cations

   A NEET Unit 20 experiment; the NCERT book has the theory (NCERT 5.7 and Class 11 NCERT 6.13) but does not describe the method.

The Living World

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 1

1. What is living?

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1 lists ‘What is living?’; the 2026–27 NCERT book asks it on page 3 without a section. Growth, reproduction, metabolism, cells and response.

2. Diversity in the living world

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: biodiversity, need for classification, taxonomy and systematics, binomial nomenclature and its rules, with NCERT’s exact wording.

3. Taxonomic categories

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: concept of species and the taxonomic hierarchy, the order of the categories, and NCERT Table 1.1’s classification of four organisms.

Biological Classification

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 2

1. Five kingdom classification

   Listed in NEET (UG) 2026 Unit 1 as five kingdom classification; covers the two kingdom system and its limits, Whittaker’s criteria, NCERT Table 2.1 and the three-domain system.

2. Kingdom Monera

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: salient features of Monera, archaebacteria types, cyanobacteria and heterocysts, useful and harmful bacteria, and mycoplasmas.

3. Kingdom Protista

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: salient features and classification of Protista into major groups, with NCERT’s examples and the diseases protozoans cause.

4. Kingdom Fungi

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: salient features and classification of Fungi into major groups, spore types, the dikaryophase and NCERT’s examples of each class.

5. Kingdom Plantae

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1, salient features of plants: what makes a plant, partial heterotrophs, and which phase dominates in bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

6. Kingdom Animalia

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: salient features of Kingdom Animalia, holozoic nutrition and reserves, and how animals differ from plants and fungi in NCERT Table 2.1.

7. Viruses, viroids, prions and lichens

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: viruses and viroids, lichens; with NCERT’s dates, the RNA or DNA of each kind of virus, prion diseases and lichens as pollution indicators.

Plant Kingdom

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 3

1. Algae

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: algae, with isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy, the pigments, stored food, walls and flagella of NCERT Table 3.1, and each class’s examples.

2. Bryophytes

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: bryophytes, with the haploid gametophyte, antheridia and archegonia, the sporophyte’s foot, seta and capsule, gemmae and the moss protonema.

3. Pteridophytes

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: pteridophytes, with the dominant sporophyte, prothallus, heterospory as a precursor to the seed habit, and the four classes with examples.

4. Gymnosperms

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: gymnosperms, with mycorrhiza and coralloid roots, heterospory, the pollen grain as male gametophyte, the ovule and the naked seed.

Animal Kingdom

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 4

1. Basis of classification

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: the fundamental features used to classify animals, with NCERT’s examples for each level, symmetry, germ layer and body cavity.

2. Classification of animals

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 1: salient features of each phylum and vertebrate class, with NCERT’s examples for each, and NCERT Table 4.1.

Morphology of Flowering Plants

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 5

1. The root

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, morphology of the root: root systems with NCERT’s examples, root functions, and the root cap and the meristematic, elongation and maturation regions.

2. Modifications of root

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists morphology and modifications; the 2026–27 NCERT book mentions root modifications only in its Summary. Storage, prop, stilt roots, pneumatophores.

3. The stem

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, morphology of the stem: nodes, internodes and buds, functions of the stem, and the features NCERT uses to tell stems from roots.

4. Modifications of stem

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists morphology and modifications; the 2026–27 NCERT book lists stem functions but not the modified stems. Storage stems, tendrils, thorns, phylloclades, propagation.

5. The leaf

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, morphology of the leaf: leaf parts, venation, pinnate and palmate compound leaves, and the three types of phyllotaxy with NCERT’s examples.

6. Modifications of leaf

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists morphology and modifications; the 2026–27 NCERT book describes the normal leaf only. Tendrils, spines, storage leaves, phyllodes, traps.

7. Inflorescence

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, morphology of flowering plants: inflorescence, racemose against cymose, and the order in which flowers are borne.

8. The flower

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, morphology of flowering plants: flower parts, ovary position, aestivation, stamen union and placentation, with NCERT examples.

9. The fruit

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, morphology of flowering plants: fruit, pericarp layers, drupes, edible parts, and Class 12’s true and false fruits.

10. The seed

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, morphology of flowering plants: dicot and monocot seeds, endosperm, aleurone, scutellum, coleoptile and coleorhiza.

11. Semi-technical description

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 (Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants) lists Cruciferae, the mustard family; this page covers floral formula symbols, fusion and adhesion, and mustard’s floral diagram.

12. Family Malvaceae

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists Malvaceae; the 2026–27 NCERT book describes only Solanaceae. Epicalyx, twisted petals, monadelphous stamens, axile placentation.

13. Family Cruciferae

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists Cruciferae; the 2026–27 NCERT book has no section, but Figure 5.16 is mustard. Cruciform corolla, tetradynamous stamens, siliqua.

14. Family Leguminosae

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists Leguminosae; the 2026–27 NCERT book describes only Solanaceae. Root nodules, three subfamilies, papilionaceous corolla, diadelphous stamens, legume.

15. Family Compositae

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists Compositae; the 2026–27 NCERT book describes only Solanaceae. Capitulum, ray and disc florets, pappus, syngenesious stamens, cypsela.

16. Family Gramineae

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists Gramineae; the 2026–27 NCERT book describes only Solanaceae. Culm, sheath and ligule, spikelets with glumes, lemma, palea, lodicules, caryopsis.

Anatomy of Flowering Plants

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 6

1. Plant tissues

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists tissues; the 2026–27 NCERT book has no section on them. Meristems, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem and phloem.

2. Tissue systems

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, anatomy: tissue systems, stomata with bean-shaped and dumb-bell guard cells, and types of vascular bundles.

3. Dicot and monocot anatomy

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf: how the dicot and monocot sections differ, and bulliform cells.

Structural Organisation in Animals

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 7

1. Animal tissues

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2 lists animal tissues; the 2026–27 NCERT book names the four tissues but has no section on them. Epithelia, junctions, connective, muscle, neural.

2. Organs and organ systems

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, structural organisation in animals: levels of organisation, organs and organ systems, morphology and anatomy.

3. Frog

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 2, frog: morphology, sexual dimorphism, the organ systems, ureotelic excretion and external fertilisation.

Cell: The Unit of Life

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 8

1. What is a cell?

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3, cell structure and function: the cell as the unit of life, unicellular and multicellular organisms.

2. Cell theory

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3, cell theory: Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow, and the modern statement of the theory.

3. Overview of the cell

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, organelles, and cell sizes from mycoplasma to the ostrich egg.

4. Prokaryotic cells

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: the prokaryotic cell, from the cell envelope and mesosomes to flagella, 70S ribosomes and inclusion bodies.

5. Eukaryotic cells

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: cell organelles, from the fluid mosaic membrane and Golgi apparatus to chloroplasts, 9+2 cilia, the nucleus and chromosome types.

Biomolecules

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 9

1. Chemical composition

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3 lists the chemical constituents of living cells; this page covers elements, amino acids, lipids, nitrogen bases and nucleotides.

2. Primary and secondary metabolites

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: primary and secondary metabolites, with the examples of NCERT Table 9.3 (alkaloids, toxins, lectins, drugs).

3. Biomacromolecules

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: biomacromolecules, the lipid exception and cell composition, with water the most abundant chemical.

4. Proteins

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: proteins, the functions in NCERT Table 9.5, and the most abundant proteins, collagen and RuBisCO.

5. Polysaccharides

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: polysaccharides, their monomers and the starch-iodine test, with chitin in arthropod exoskeletons.

6. Nucleic acids

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: nucleic acids, the parts of a nucleotide, purines and pyrimidines, and ribose against deoxyribose.

7. Structure of proteins

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: the four levels of protein structure, N- and C-terminals, helices, and haemoglobin’s two α and two β subunits.

8. Enzymes

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: enzymes, activation energy, Vmax and competitive inhibition, the six classes, and co-factors such as haem, NAD and zinc.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 10

1. Cell cycle

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3, cell cycle: phases and durations, 2C to 4C in S phase, and G0.

2. Mitosis (M phase)

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: the stages of mitosis, the metaphase plate and kinetochores, and cytokinesis by furrow or cell plate.

3. Significance of mitosis

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: the significance of mitosis, with haploid mitosis in lower plants and social insects.

4. Meiosis

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: meiosis, prophase I stages with synapsis, crossing over and chiasmata, and the two anaphases.

5. Significance of meiosis

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 3: the significance of meiosis, the halving paradox and genetic variability.

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 11

1. What photosynthesis needs

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, photosynthesis: the need for chlorophyll, light and CO_₂, shown by the black-paper and KOH starch tests.

2. Site of photosynthesis

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, site of photosynthesis: grana make ATP and NADPH, the stroma makes sugar; dark reactions are light-dependent.

3. Photosynthetic pigments

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea): chromatogram colours, absorption against action spectrum, accessory pigments.

4. Light reaction

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, photochemical phase: LHC and antenna, P700 and P680, photosystems named by order of discovery, PS II acting first.

5. Electron transport

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation and the chemiosmotic hypothesis: Z scheme, water splitting at PS II, CF_₀ and CF_₁.

6. Calvin cycle

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, the biosynthetic phase: RuBisCO, carboxylation, reduction and regeneration, 3 ATP and 2 NADPH per CO_₂.

7. C₄ pathway

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, C_₄ pathway: Kranz anatomy, PEP as the 3-carbon acceptor, OAA, mesophyll without RuBisCO, bundle sheath without PEPcase.

8. Photorespiration

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, photorespiration: competitive binding of CO_₂ and O_₂, phosphoglycolate, no ATP or NADPH, C_₃ against C_₄ plants.

9. Factors affecting photosynthesis

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, factors affecting photosynthesis: Blackman’s law, light saturation, CO_₂ saturation in C_₃ and C_₄ plants, temperature.

Respiration in Plants

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 12

1. Do plants breathe?

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, respiration: exchange of gases, ATP as the energy currency, and why plants need no respiratory organs.

2. Glycolysis

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, glycolysis: steps, the two ATP-using and the ATP- and NADH-making steps, net gain of 2 ATP per glucose.

3. Fermentation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, fermentation: pyruvic acid decarboxylase, alcohol and lactate dehydrogenase, net 2 ATP, under 7 per cent of the energy.

4. Aerobic respiration

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4: TCA cycle, ETS complexes I–V, 3 ATP per NADH and 2 per FADH_₂, substrate-level phosphorylation, F_₀ and F_₁.

5. The respiratory balance sheet

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, energy relations: number of ATP generated per glucose, 3 per NADH and 2 per FADH_₂, net 38 against 2 in fermentation.

6. Amphibolic pathway

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, amphibolic pathways: entry of glycerol as PGAL, fatty acids as acetyl CoA, amino acids after deamination; catabolism and anabolism.

7. Respiratory quotient

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, respiratory quotient: RQ of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, the tripalmitin calculation, and RQ from measured gas volumes.

Plant Growth and Development

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 13

1. Seed germination

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4 lists seed germination; the 2026–27 NCERT book has no section, but Figure 13.1 is bean. Conditions, epigeal and hypogeal, seedling.

2. Growth

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4: phases of plant growth and growth rate, arithmetic and geometric growth, the sigmoid curve, absolute and relative growth, conditions.

3. Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4: differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation, with NCERT’s examples of tracheary elements and cork and interfascicular cambium.

4. Development

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4: the sequence of the developmental process in a plant cell (NCERT Figure 13.8), with NCERT’s plasticity, heterophylly and controlling factors.

5. Plant growth regulators

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 4, growth regulators: auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene and ABA, their discovery, effects and uses (2,4-D, ethephon, bolting).

Breathing and Exchange of Gases

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 14

1. Respiratory organs

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5: respiratory organs in animals (recall only), the human respiratory system, pleura and thoracic chamber, conducting and respiratory parts, steps of respiration.

2. Mechanism of breathing

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5: mechanism of breathing, the diaphragm and intercostals, TV, IRV, ERV, RV and the capacities IC, EC, FRC, VC and TLC.

3. Exchange of gases

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, exchange of gases: pO_₂ and pCO_₂ from NCERT Table 14.1, gradients, CO_₂ solubility 20–25 times O_₂, and the diffusion membrane.

4. Transport of gases

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, transport of gases: oxyhaemoglobin, the sigmoid dissociation curve, factors affecting it, CO_₂ transport shares and carbonic anhydrase.

5. Regulation of respiration

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, regulation of respiration: rhythm centre (medulla), pneumotaxic centre (pons), CO_₂ and H^⁺ sensing, and the minor role of oxygen.

6. Disorders of respiratory system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, disorders of the respiratory system: asthma, emphysema and occupational respiratory disorders, with their causes.

Body Fluids and Circulation

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 15

1. Blood

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5: composition of blood, blood groups (ABO, Rh), coagulation of blood; RBC, WBC and platelet counts and the WBC types.

2. Lymph (tissue fluid)

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, lymph: composition, formation from tissue fluid, lymphatic drainage to veins, lymphocytes, lacteals and fat absorption.

3. Circulatory pathways

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5: structure of the human heart, cardiac cycle, cardiac output and ECG; SAN as pacemaker; 72 beats, 70 mL stroke volume, 5000 mL output.

4. Double circulation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, double circulation: pulmonary and systemic pathways, blood vessel structure, hepatic portal system and coronary circulation.

5. Regulation of cardiac activity

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, regulation of cardiac activity: nodal tissue and the myogenic heart, ANS control of heart rate and output, adrenaline and noradrenaline.

6. Disorders of the circulatory system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, disorders of the circulatory system: hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris and heart failure.

Excretory Products and Their Elimination

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 16

1. Modes of excretion

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5 lists modes of excretion; NCERT covers them on the Chapter 16 opening pages (205–206): ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism and excretory organs.

2. Human excretory system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, human excretory system: kidney structure, nephron parts, renal corpuscle, cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons, peritubular capillaries.

3. Urine formation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, urine formation: ultrafiltration, GFR (125 mL a minute, 180 L a day), JGA, active and passive reabsorption, tubular secretion.

4. Functions of the tubules

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, functions of the tubules: PCT reabsorption, permeability of the two limbs of Henle’s loop, DCT and collecting duct roles.

5. Counter current mechanism

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, counter current mechanism: Henle’s loop and vasa recta, the 300 to 1200 mOsmol gradient, NaCl and urea, urine four times concentrated.

6. Regulation of kidney function

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, regulation of kidney function: ADH and diabetes insipidus, renin–angiotensin, aldosterone and ANF.

7. Micturition

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, micturition: stretch receptors and the CNS, 1 to 1.5 L of urine a day, pH 6.0, 25–30 g urea, glycosuria and ketonuria.

8. Other organs in excretion

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, role of other organs in excretion: lungs (CO_₂, water), liver (bile pigments, cholesterol, drugs), sweat and sebum.

9. Disorders of the excretory system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, disorders of the excretory system: uraemia, haemodialysis (heparin, cellophane tube, dialysing fluid), transplantation, stones, glomerulonephritis.

Locomotion and Movement

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 17

1. Types of movement

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5 lists ciliary, flagellar and muscular movement; this page adds NCERT’s amoeboid movement, with NCERT’s examples for each type.

2. Muscle and muscle contraction

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, muscle: sarcomere bands, actin, tropomyosin, troponin, meromyosin, sliding filament theory, calcium and ATP, red and white fibres.

3. Skeletal system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, skeletal system: 206 bones, skull 22, vertebrae 26, true, false and floating ribs, 30 bones per limb, pectoral and pelvic girdles.

4. Joints

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, joints: fibrous (sutures), cartilaginous (vertebrae), synovial (ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding, saddle) with examples.

5. Disorders of muscles and bones

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, disorders of the muscular and skeletal system: myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, tetany, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout.

Neural Control and Coordination

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 18

1. Neural system and coordination

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, neural system: neural and chemical coordination, neurons, and the neural organisation of cnidarians, insects and vertebrates.

2. Human neural system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, nervous system in humans: CNS, PNS and the visceral nervous system; afferent and efferent fibres; somatic, autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

3. Neuron and the nerve impulse

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5: neuron and nerves, and the generation and conduction of the nerve impulse, with NCERT’s electrical and chemical synapses.

4. Central neural system: the brain

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, central nervous system: the parts of the human brain and their functions, from the forebrain to the brain stem and meninges.

Chemical Coordination and Integration

NCERT Class 11 Biology, Chapter 19

1. Endocrine glands and hormones

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, chemical coordination: endocrine glands and hormones, and the role of hormones as messengers and regulators.

2. Human endocrine system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5: the human endocrine glands and their hormones, and the disorders it names: dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goitre, exophthalmic goitre, diabetes and Addison’s disease.

3. Hormones of heart, kidney and gut

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5, hormones as messengers and regulators: ANF, erythropoietin and the four gastrointestinal hormones, with their targets.

4. Mechanism of hormone action

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 5: mechanism of hormone action (elementary), membrane-bound and intracellular receptors, and second messengers.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 1

1. Flower: a fascinating organ

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists flower structure; this page covers the parts of a typical flower and where the male and female gametophytes develop.

2. Pre-fertilisation: structures and events

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6: development of the male and female gametophytes, pollination types, agencies and examples, outbreeding devices and pollen–pistil interaction.

3. Double fertilisation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists double fertilisation; this page covers syngamy, triple fusion, the PEN and PEC, and chromosome numbers in the zygote and endosperm.

4. Post-fertilisation: structures and events

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6: development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit, parthenocarpy, and the significance of seed and fruit formation.

5. Apomixis and polyembryony

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists special modes: apomixis, parthenocarpy and polyembryony; this page covers apomixis and polyembryony and contrasts them with parthenocarpy.

Human Reproduction

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 2

1. The male reproductive system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists the male reproductive system and the microscopic anatomy of the testis; this page covers both, with the duct path and the glands.

2. The female reproductive system

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists the female reproductive system and the microscopic anatomy of the ovary; this page covers the organs, the uterine wall and the mammary gland.

3. Gametogenesis

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists gametogenesis, spermatogenesis and oogenesis; this page covers both with chromosome numbers, hormones, the sperm and the follicles.

4. Menstrual cycle

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists the menstrual cycle; this page covers its phases, the roles of LH, FSH, estrogens and progesterone, and NCERT Figure 2.9.

5. Fertilisation and implantation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation and implantation; this page covers each, with XX and XY.

6. Pregnancy and embryonic development

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists pregnancy and placenta formation as an elementary idea; this page covers the placenta, its hormones and the months of development.

7. Parturition and lactation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists parturition and lactation as an elementary idea; this page covers the foetal ejection reflex, oxytocin and colostrum.

Reproductive Health

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 3

1. Reproductive health: problems and strategies

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists the need for reproductive health and amniocentesis; this page covers both, with India’s programmes and awareness.

2. Population stabilisation and birth control

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists birth control: need and methods, and contraception; this page covers every method in NCERT with how it works.

3. Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); this page covers NCERT’s text and the MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021.

4. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases; this page covers the common STIs, their spread, complications and prevention.

5. Infertility and assisted reproduction

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 6 lists infertility and assisted reproductive technologies, IVF, ZIFT and GIFT; this page covers these with ICSI and IUI.

Principles of Inheritance and Variation

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 4

1. Mendel’s experiments

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists Mendelian inheritance; this page covers Mendel’s experiments on the garden pea, true-breeding lines and his seven contrasting traits.

2. Inheritance of one gene

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists Mendelian inheritance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups; this page covers each for one gene.

3. Inheritance of two genes

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists the chromosome theory of inheritance, chromosomes and genes, and linkage and crossing over; this page covers them with the dihybrid cross.

4. Polygenic inheritance

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists an elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; this page covers it with human height and the additive model of skin colour.

5. Pleiotropy

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists pleiotropy among the deviations from Mendelism; this page covers pleiotropic genes and phenylketonuria.

6. Sex determination

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists sex determination in humans, birds and honey bee; this page covers all three, with the XO type of grasshoppers.

7. Mutation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists mutation with recombination as a mechanism of evolution; this page covers mutation types, sickle-cell anaemia and mutagens.

8. Genetic disorders

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists sex-linked inheritance, Mendelian disorders such as thalassemia, and Down’s, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes; all are here.

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 5

1. DNA: structure and packaging

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists the structure of DNA and RNA and DNA packaging; this page covers both, with the central dogma and Chargaff’s rules.

2. Search for genetic material

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists the search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; this page covers the three key experiments and DNA versus RNA.

3. RNA world

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists DNA and RNA and the search for genetic material; this page covers NCERT’s RNA world, RNA catalysts and why DNA evolved.

4. DNA replication

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists DNA replication; this page covers NCERT’s experimental proof, the enzymes, continuous and discontinuous synthesis and the origin.

5. Transcription

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists transcription; this page covers the transcription unit, bacterial and eukaryotic transcription, and splicing, capping and tailing.

6. Genetic code

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists the genetic code; this page covers the codon table, its six features, frameshift mutations and tRNA as the adapter.

7. Translation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists translation and protein biosynthesis; this page covers tRNA charging, the ribosome, UTRs and the three steps.

8. Regulation of gene expression

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists gene expression and regulation, the lac operon; this page covers the operon’s genes, its repressor and induction by lactose.

9. Human Genome Project

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists the genome and the Human Genome Project; this page covers its goals, methods and the salient features of the human genome.

10. DNA fingerprinting

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists DNA fingerprinting; this page covers satellite DNA, polymorphism, VNTRs, the Southern blot steps and the applications.

Evolution

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 6

1. Origin of life

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists the origin of life; this page covers the early earth, Pasteur, chemical evolution, Miller’s experiment and the first cells.

2. Evolution of life forms

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists Darwin’s contribution to evolution; this page covers special creation, Darwin’s observations, fitness and natural selection.

3. Evidences for evolution

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists evidences for evolution; this page covers fossils, embryology, homology and analogy, molecules, melanism and resistance.

4. Adaptive radiation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists adaptive radiation; this page covers Darwin’s finches, Australian marsupials and the marsupial–placental pairs.

5. Biological evolution

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists natural selection and Darwin’s contribution; this page covers fitness, branching descent, Lamarck and Darwin’s logic.

6. Mechanism of evolution

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists the mechanism of evolution; this page covers de Vries’ mutation theory, saltation and how it differs from Darwin’s view.

7. Hardy–Weinberg principle

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists Hardy–Weinberg’s principle, gene flow and genetic drift and types of natural selection; worked allele-frequency problems.

8. Modern synthetic theory

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists the Modern Synthetic theory; the NCERT book does not name it. Darwin plus Mendel, the architects, Stebbins’ five factors, isolation.

9. A brief account of evolution

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 covers evolution; this page gives NCERT’s time line from the first cells to the mammals, with its dates and geological periods.

10. Origin and evolution of man

    NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 7 lists human evolution; this page gives NCERT’s stages with their dates and brain sizes, and the trends of Exercise 4.

Human Health and Disease

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 7

1. Health and disease

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 opens with Health and Disease; NCERT covers it on Chapter 7’s opening pages: the definition of health, what affects it, and the kinds of disease.

2. Common diseases in humans

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists pathogens and parasites causing human diseases; this page has each disease’s pathogen, spread and symptoms, and the malaria life cycle.

3. Dengue and chikungunya

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists dengue and chikungunya; NCERT only names them. Viruses, mosquito spread, symptoms, severe dengue and prevention, from MedlinePlus.

4. Immunity

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists the basic concepts of immunology and vaccines; this page covers barriers, memory, antibodies, immunisation, allergy and the lymphoid organs.

5. HIV and AIDS

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists HIV and AIDS; this page covers how HIV spreads, how it destroys helper T-cells, diagnosis by ELISA and prevention.

6. Cancer

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists cancer; this page covers contact inhibition, tumors, metastasis, carcinogens, oncogenes, detection and treatment.

7. Drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse and tobacco abuse; this page covers the drugs, their actions, dependence, effects and prevention.

Microbes in Human Welfare

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 8

1. Microbes in household products

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists microbes in household food processing; this page covers curd, fermented dough, toddy and cheese.

2. Microbes in industrial products

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists microbes in industrial production; this page covers beverages, antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and bioactive molecules.

3. Microbes in sewage treatment

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists microbes in sewage treatment; this page covers both stages, BOD, activated sludge, digesters and the river action plans.

4. Microbes in biogas production

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists microbes in energy generation; this page covers methanogens, gobar gas and the parts of a biogas plant.

5. Microbes as biocontrol agents

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists microbes as biocontrol agents; this page covers predators, Bt, the fungal agent, baculoviruses and IPM.

6. Microbes as biofertilisers

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 8 lists microbes as biofertilizers; this page covers nitrogen-fixing bacteria, mycorrhiza and cyanobacteria in paddy fields.

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 9

1. Principles of biotechnology

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 9 lists the principles of biotechnology; this page covers its two core techniques, cloning and the first recombinant DNA.

2. Tools of recombinant DNA technology

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 9 lists the process of biotechnology; this page covers restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, vectors and competent hosts.

3. Processes of recombinant DNA technology

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 9 lists the process of biotechnology; this page covers DNA isolation, PCR, transformation, bioreactors and downstream processing.

Biotechnology and Its Applications

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 10

1. Biotechnology in agriculture

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 9 lists the application of biotechnology in agriculture and Bt crops; this page covers tissue culture, GM crops, Bt cotton and RNAi.

2. Biotechnology in medicine

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 9 lists human insulin and vaccine production and gene therapy; this page covers recombinant insulin, ADA gene therapy and molecular diagnosis.

3. Transgenic animals

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 9 lists transgenic animals; this page covers their uses in research, medicine and safety testing, with Rosie the cow.

4. Ethical issues

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 9 lists biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents; this page covers GEAC, the Basmati patent and biopiracy.

Organisms and Populations

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 11 NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists population interactions and attributes (growth, birth and death rates, age distribution); this page covers all of them.

1. Populations

   Organisms and populations for Class 12 Biology and NEET: birth and death rates, age pyramids, exponential and logistic growth and the six interactions.

Ecosystem

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 12

1. Structure and function

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists ecosystem patterns and components; this page covers the components, stratification, the four functions and the pond as an ecosystem.

2. Productivity

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists productivity under Ecosystem; this page covers GPP, NPP, secondary productivity and NCERT’s land and ocean figures.

3. Decomposition

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists decomposition under Ecosystem; this page covers all five steps, humus, and the chemical and climatic factors that set the rate.

4. Energy flow

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists energy flow under Ecosystem; this page covers PAR, food chains and webs, trophic levels, standing crop and the 10 per cent law.

5. Ecological pyramids

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists pyramids of number, biomass and energy; this page covers all three, the inverted cases and the limitations of pyramids.

Biodiversity and Conservation

NCERT Class 12 Biology, Chapter 13

1. Biodiversity

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists the concept, patterns, importance and loss of biodiversity and extinction; this page covers all of them, with the evil quartet.

2. Biodiversity conservation

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists conservation, hotspots, endangered organisms, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and sacred groves; all are here.

3. Red Data Book

   NEET (UG) 2026, Unit 10 lists the Red Data Book; NCERT only cites the IUCN Red List. IUCN threat categories and India’s Red Data Books, from IUCN and CC BY sources.