Change log: page 6
New topics, content updates, published corrections, syllabus checks and new versions of the privacy policy and terms, newest first. Typo fixes are not listed: they do not change what a page teaches.
2092 changes Latest 7 Nov 2026
Page 6 of 11 · 200 changes on this page
November 2026
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Proteins
Clarify polypeptide chains, essential-amino-acid context and standard amino acids.
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Polysaccharides
Correct glycogen reducing-end chemistry, inulin scope and insulin transport example.
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Nucleic acids
Clarify RNA roles, standard pairing and nucleic-acid end conventions.
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Structure of proteins
Clarify protein fold variation, diagram conventions and predominant adult haemoglobin.
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Enzymes
Correct kinetics scope, heat/structure generalisations, inhibition types and ligase example.
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Cell cycle
Clarify nuclear DNA/ploidy counting, G0 re-entry and dividing-cell scope.
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Mitosis (M phase)
Clarify cytokinesis timing, organelle inheritance and NCERT stage conventions.
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Significance of mitosis
Clarify cell replacement, normal genetic identity and ratio-model assumptions.
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Meiosis
Correct meiotic product/gamete distinction and human sex-chromosome pairing scope.
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Significance of meiosis
Clarify haploid life-cycle phase and mutation versus recombination/drift roles.
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What photosynthesis needs
Clarify food-web exceptions, plant-cell scope and controlled starch-test interpretation.
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Early experiments
Correct oxygen-source bookkeeping and clarify Priestley experimental timing.
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Site of photosynthesis
Distinguish NCERT membrane model from FNR localisation; align membrane-system summary.
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Photosynthetic pigments
Clarify pigment groups, green-light response and cyanobacterial membrane terminology.
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Light reaction
Clarify reaction-centre model and non-cyclic photosystem order.
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Electron transport
Correct FNR/cyclic-flow mechanism, redox comparison and proton bookkeeping.
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Calvin cycle
Clarify Calvin net carbon accounting, triose output and organism scope.
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C₄ pathway
Correct C4 leakage, bicarbonate fixation and ATP-equivalent accounting.
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Photorespiration
Correct C3 PEPcase claim, C4 scope and photorespiratory carbon recovery.
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Factors affecting photosynthesis
Clarify limiting-factor scope, CO2 thresholds and sun/shade pigment comparisons.
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Do plants breathe?
Clarify plant gas-exchange scope, living wood and microbial metabolic exceptions.
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Glycolysis
Correct glycolysis universality, fructose entry and direct versus oxidative ATP accounting.
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Fermentation
Clarify fermentation versus oxygen availability, ATP scope and strain-dependent ethanol tolerance.
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Aerobic respiration
Clarify ATP coupling, FAD notation, carbon accounting and oxygen-withdrawal consequences.
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The respiratory balance sheet
Clarify shuttles, model-dependent ATP yields and rate versus yield.
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Amphibolic pathway
Clarify carbohydrate entry, DHAP/PGAL and synthesis versus reversed breakdown.
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Respiratory quotient
Correct RQ oxygen bookkeeping, measurement conditions and mixture interpretation.
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Seed germination
Clarify seed requirements, germination stages, species-specific axis elongation and testing.
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Growth
Correct growth-curve and rate conventions, nutrient energy claim and measurement assumptions.
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Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation
Clarify root-cap position, differentiated state and callus model versus primary evidence.
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Development
Clarify embryonic development before germination while preserving NCERT’s quoted scope.
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Plant growth regulators
Correct overgeneralised hormone effects and distinguish NCERT history from modern evidence.
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Respiratory organs
Correct airway histology, gas-exchange region, pleural explanation and biological scope.
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Mechanism of breathing
Correct diaphragm directions, accessory muscles, volume terminology and residual-volume mechanism.
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Exchange of gases
Clarify local diffusion, circulation, oxygen saturation and effective alveolar ventilation.
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Transport of gases
Clarify oxygen extraction/content, Haldane and chloride mechanisms, and curve interpretation.
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Regulation of respiration
Correct oxygen-sensing scope, acid–base control, altitude response and exercise physiology.
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Disorders of respiratory system
Correct dust protection and disease scope; clarify symptom specificity and emphysema mechanisms.
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Blood
Correct red-cell/plasma compatibility, Rh sensitisation and prophylaxis, serum and clotting explanations.
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Lymph (tissue fluid)
Correct lymph protein content and fat absorption route; clarify tissue exchange and intrinsic pumping.
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Circulatory pathways
Correct valve anatomy, ECG electrodes/leads and exercise output; explain pressure-driven phases.
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Double circulation
Correct portal-system placement, oxygenation absolutes, venous valves and lipid-route distinction.
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Regulation of cardiac activity
Correct output/filling relationship, exercise modulation, species scope and pulse-versus-heart rate.
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Disorders of the circulatory system
Clarify hypertension OR threshold, CAD/atherosclerosis, heart failure with preserved EF and arrest/infarction.
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Modes of excretion
Correct waste-mode scope, marine-fish examples, renal ammonia role and Amphioxus terminology.
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Human excretory system
Clarify hilar flow directions, nephron/collecting-duct integration and ADH requirement.
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Urine formation
Correct filtration fraction, protein handling, renin mechanism and eGFR interpretation; add solute balance.
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Functions of the tubules
Correct ascending-limb reabsorption, segment distinctions and ADH-dependent collecting-duct recovery.
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Counter current mechanism
Add ADH condition, clarify interstitial exchange and separate conventional model from research proposal.
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Regulation of kidney function
Correct ADH sensing/feedback, renal resistance and GFR claims, aldosterone action and diabetes distinctions.
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Micturition
Clarify reflex/voluntary control, urine diagnostic limits, glucose threshold, protein and pH variation.
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Other organs in excretion
Clarify constant-rate calculation, urinary/excretory terminology and biliary recycling.
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Disorders of the excretory system
Correct dialysis fluid/access/mechanisms, uraemia causality and transplant/rejection distinctions.
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Types of movement
Clarify cell versus animal locomotion, anatomical scope and ciliary-disorder variability.
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Muscle and muscle contraction
Correct contraction scope, ATP/calcium cycle, filament terminology, fatigue and troponin-test interpretation.
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Skeletal system
Correct spinal-cord extent, adult bone-count interpretation, rib exceptions and cartilage composition.
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Joints
Correct joint movement absolutes, spinal joint types, thumb rotation and skull-development explanation.
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Disorders of muscles and bones
Clarify MG mechanisms, genetic dystrophies, ionised-calcium tetany, urate gout and osteoporosis risk scope.
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Neural system and coordination
Clarify coordination scope, neural-system organisation and edition-specific syllabus claims.
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Human neural system
Clarify sensory/motor classifications, somatic reflexes and target-specific autonomic effects.
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Neuron and the nerve impulse
Correct threshold/refractory and synaptic mechanisms, myelin scope and directionality; add integration practice.
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Central neural system: the brain
Clarify brain regulation, distributed structure/function, cerebellar inputs and anatomical labels.
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Endocrine glands and hormones
Clarified hormone definitions, ANF example, timing and vitamin distinctions; provisional OpenAI Codex content review.
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Human endocrine system
Corrected insulin, diabetes, thyroid development, aldosterone and lactation mechanisms across lesson/answers; provisional Codex review, NCERT distinctions explicit.
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Hormones of heart, kidney and gut
Clarified ANF/GIP mechanisms and EPO source distinction; removed unconditional exam-key advice; provisional OpenAI Codex review.
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Mechanism of hormone action
Corrected receptor specificity, dopamine exception, insulin/FSH pathways and genomic regulation; added application practice; provisional Codex review.
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Flower: a fascinating organ
Clarified gamete formation and flower/pistil terminology; improved definition and quick answer; provisional Codex review.
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Pre-fertilisation: structures and events
Corrected selfing genetics, carpel/pistil equivalence, mitotic rounds, pollen/ploidy scope and application assumptions; provisional Codex review.
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Double fertilisation
Clarified double-fertilisation scope, gnetophyte exception and polar-nuclear/ploidy assumptions; provisional Codex review.
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Post-fertilisation: structures and events
Corrected seed physiology, dicot-stage scope, water dependence and accessory-fruit tissues; strengthened longevity evidence; provisional Codex review.
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Apomixis and polyembryony
Corrected apomixis/endosperm distinction and clone/polyembryony overgeneralisations; added application practice; provisional Codex review.
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The male reproductive system
Clarified puberty timing, germ-cell lineage, external structures and epididymal maturation; provisional Codex review.
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The female reproductive system
Corrected hymen, clitoral and duct-continuity claims; qualified NCERT breast-duct model with primary anatomy; provisional Codex review.
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Gametogenesis
Corrected meiosis/arrest and spermiation; separated NCERT semen figures from diagnostic limits; improved count assumptions; provisional Codex review.
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Menstrual cycle
Corrected FSH physiology, cycle phases and luteal feedback; added new isolated corrected SVG; provisional Codex review.
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Fertilisation and implantation
Corrected gamete timing, polyspermy and implantation mechanisms; qualified sex-determination and cleavage models; provisional Codex review.
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Pregnancy and embryonic development
Corrected germ layers, hormone absolutes and clinical dating; strengthened placenta and developmental explanations; provisional Codex review.
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Parturition and lactation
Clarified oxytocin feedback, postpartum milk activation and passive antibodies; provisional Codex review.
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Reproductive health: problems and strategies
Corrected programme chronology and diagnostic/legal scope; removed unsupported exam-key advice; provisional Codex review.
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Population stabilisation and birth control
Corrected contraceptive timing, LAM, mechanisms and risk statements; replaced misleading condensed instructions; provisional Codex review.
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Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP)
Corrected safety/legality conflation and added statutory safeguards/exceptions; removed unsupported current and exam claims; provisional Codex review.
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
Corrected cure, transmission and RTI/STI distinctions; added accurate comparison and prevention; provisional Codex review.
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Infertility and assisted reproduction
Corrected infertility attribution, treatment mechanisms and transfer-rule overgeneralisations; provisional Codex review.
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Mendel’s experiments
Qualified historical and true-breeding claims; concise accurate metadata; provisional Codex review.
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Inheritance of one gene
Corrected test-cross certainty, gene/allele scope and ABO chemistry; added probability application; provisional Codex review.
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Inheritance of two genes
Corrected chronology and linkage interpretation; stated dihybrid assumptions and recombination limits; provisional Codex review.
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Polygenic inheritance
Corrected polygenic definition and model scope; verified combinatorics and expected-count wording; provisional Codex review.
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Pleiotropy
Corrected PKU mechanism and untreated-disease scope; removed misleading figure without changing shared asset; provisional Codex review.
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Sex determination
Qualified chromosome models, sex-ratio expectations and honey-bee exceptions; removed blame framing; provisional Codex review.
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Mutation
Corrected mutation and frameshift scope, DNA/RNA distinction and examples; provisional Codex review.
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Genetic disorders
Corrected clinical absolutes and inheritance mechanisms; stated model assumptions and syndrome variation; provisional Codex review.
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DNA: structure and packaging
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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Search for genetic material
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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RNA world
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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DNA replication
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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Transcription
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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Genetic code
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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Translation
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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Regulation of gene expression
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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Human Genome Project
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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DNA fingerprinting
Correct molecular genetics mechanisms, scope and textbook-versus-current distinctions; reconcile examples, answers and metadata. Provisional OpenAI Codex content review; simulations excluded.
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Origin of life
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Evolution of life forms
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Evidences for evolution
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Adaptive radiation
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Biological evolution
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Mechanism of evolution
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Hardy–Weinberg principle
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Modern synthetic theory
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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A brief account of evolution
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Origin and evolution of man
Correct evolution mechanisms, evidence, dates and answer inferences; distinguish historical NCERT statements from modern evidence. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Health and disease
Correct disease mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment claims; distinguish NCERT wording from current evidence and align answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Common diseases in humans
Correct disease mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment claims; distinguish NCERT wording from current evidence and align answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Dengue and chikungunya
Correct disease mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment claims; distinguish NCERT wording from current evidence and align answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Immunity
Correct disease mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment claims; distinguish NCERT wording from current evidence and align answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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HIV and AIDS
Correct disease mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment claims; distinguish NCERT wording from current evidence and align answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Cancer
Correct disease mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment claims; distinguish NCERT wording from current evidence and align answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse
Correct disease mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment claims; distinguish NCERT wording from current evidence and align answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Microbes in household products
Correct microbial mechanisms, BOD, taxonomy and scope; qualify NCERT simplifications and align practice answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Microbes in industrial products
Correct microbial mechanisms, BOD, taxonomy and scope; qualify NCERT simplifications and align practice answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Microbes in sewage treatment
Correct microbial mechanisms, BOD, taxonomy and scope; qualify NCERT simplifications and align practice answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Microbes in biogas production
Correct microbial mechanisms, BOD, taxonomy and scope; qualify NCERT simplifications and align practice answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Microbes as biocontrol agents
Correct microbial mechanisms, BOD, taxonomy and scope; qualify NCERT simplifications and align practice answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Microbes as biofertilisers
Correct microbial mechanisms, BOD, taxonomy and scope; qualify NCERT simplifications and align practice answers. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Principles of biotechnology
Correct biotechnology mechanisms, screening, PCR assumptions and historical/medical distinctions; align examples and FAQs. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Tools of recombinant DNA technology
Correct biotechnology mechanisms, screening, PCR assumptions and historical/medical distinctions; align examples and FAQs. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Processes of recombinant DNA technology
Correct biotechnology mechanisms, screening, PCR assumptions and historical/medical distinctions; align examples and FAQs. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Biotechnology in agriculture
Correct plant biotechnology, clinical accuracy and historical/legal distinctions; align examples and FAQs. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Biotechnology in medicine
Correct plant biotechnology, clinical accuracy and historical/legal distinctions; align examples and FAQs. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Transgenic animals
Correct plant biotechnology, clinical accuracy and historical/legal distinctions; align examples and FAQs. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Ethical issues
Correct plant biotechnology, clinical accuracy and historical/legal distinctions; align examples and FAQs. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Populations
Correct population measurement and growth assumptions, historical examples and interaction mechanisms; verify practice arithmetic. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Structure and function
Correct ecological mechanisms, rate/stock distinctions, textbook-model scope and practice reasoning. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Productivity
Correct ecological mechanisms, rate/stock distinctions, textbook-model scope and practice reasoning. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Decomposition
Correct ecological mechanisms, rate/stock distinctions, textbook-model scope and practice reasoning. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Energy flow
Correct ecological mechanisms, rate/stock distinctions, textbook-model scope and practice reasoning. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Ecological pyramids
Correct ecological mechanisms, rate/stock distinctions, textbook-model scope and practice reasoning. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Biodiversity
Correct biodiversity mechanisms, dated-versus-current classifications, mathematical intercepts and conservation-risk reasoning. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Biodiversity conservation
Correct biodiversity mechanisms, dated-versus-current classifications, mathematical intercepts and conservation-risk reasoning. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
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Red Data Book
Correct biodiversity mechanisms, dated-versus-current classifications, mathematical intercepts and conservation-risk reasoning. Provisional OpenAI Codex editorial review; simulations excluded.
60 topics updated in Physics
Units and Measurement
Significant figures Dimensions of physical quantities
Motion in a Straight Line
Equations of motion Relative velocity
Motion in a Plane
Scalars and vectors Projectile motion
Laws of Motion
Aristotle’s fallacy Newton’s second law Conservation of momentum Equilibrium of a particle Friction Dynamics of circular motion Solving problems in mechanics
Work, Energy and Power
Work Work done by a variable force Work-energy theorem (variable force) Conservation of mechanical energy Potential energy of a spring Power Collisions
Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion
Centre of mass Motion of the centre of mass Momentum of a system Equilibrium of a rigid body Experiment: mass with a metre scale Rotational kinematics Rotational dynamics
Gravitation
Kepler’s laws Gravitational constant Variation of g Energy of an orbiting satellite
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Experiment: Young’s modulus of a wire
Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Experiment: viscosity from terminal velocity
Thermal Properties of Matter
Temperature and heat Measuring temperature Experiment: specific heat by the method of mixtures Heat transfer
Thermodynamics
Heat, internal energy and work Thermodynamic processes Carnot engine
Kinetic Theory
Behaviour of gases Law of equipartition of energy
Oscillations
Simple harmonic motion SHM and uniform circular motion Velocity and acceleration in SHM Force law for SHM The simple pendulum
Electric Charges and Fields
Electric charge Basic properties of electric charge Forces between multiple charges Electric field Electric field lines Electric flux Electric dipole Continuous charge distribution Gauss’s law Applications of Gauss’s law
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electrostatic potential energy Electrostatic potential Potential due to a point charge