Change log: page 8

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

DNA fingerprinting

Evolution

Origin of life Evolution of life forms Evidences for evolution Adaptive radiation Biological evolution Mechanism of evolution Hardy–Weinberg principle Modern synthetic theory A brief account of evolution Origin and evolution of man

Human Health and Disease

Health and disease Common diseases in humans Dengue and chikungunya Immunity HIV and AIDS Cancer Drug, alcohol and tobacco abuse

Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in household products Microbes in industrial products Microbes in sewage treatment Microbes in biogas production Microbes as biocontrol agents Microbes as biofertilisers

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Principles of biotechnology Tools of recombinant DNA technology Processes of recombinant DNA technology

Biotechnology and Its Applications

Biotechnology in agriculture Biotechnology in medicine Transgenic animals Ethical issues

Organisms and Populations

Populations

Ecosystem

Structure and function Productivity Decomposition Energy flow Ecological pyramids

Biodiversity and Conservation

Biodiversity Biodiversity conservation Red Data Book

Coordination Compounds

Experiment: double salts Isomerism Bonding: VBT and CFT Metal carbonyls Importance and applications

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Classification Nomenclature Nature of C–X bond Preparation of haloalkanes Preparation of haloarenes Physical properties Chemical reactions Polyhalogen compounds

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Classification Nomenclature Structures of functional groups Alcohols and phenols Experiment: tests for –OH groups Commercially important alcohols Ethers

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Carbonyl group: names and structure Preparation of aldehydes and ketones Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones Reactions of aldehydes and ketones Experiment: tests for aldehydes and ketones Experiment: preparation of iodoform Uses of aldehydes and ketones Carboxyl group: names and structure Preparation of carboxylic acids Physical properties of carboxylic acids Chemical reactions of carboxylic acids Experiment: tests for the carboxyl group Uses of carboxylic acids

Amines

Structure of amines Classification of amines Nomenclature of amines Preparation of amines Physical properties of amines Chemical reactions of amines Experiment: tests for the amino group

Matrices

Matrix and order Types of matrices Operations on matrices Transpose of a matrix Symmetric and skew symmetric Invertible matrices

Determinants

Determinant Area of a triangle Minors and cofactors Adjoint and inverse Solving linear systems

Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity Differentiability Exponential and log functions Logarithmic differentiation Parametric derivatives Second order derivative

Application of Derivatives

Rate of change Increasing and decreasing Maxima and minima

Integrals

Anti derivatives Substitution and identities Particular integrals Partial fractions Integration by parts Definite integral Fundamental theorem Substitution with limits Properties of definite integrals

Application of Integrals

Area under curves Area between curves

Differential Equations

Order and degree General and particular solutions Solving first order equations

Vector Algebra

Vectors: basic concepts Types of vectors Addition of vectors Scalar multiple and components Dot and cross products

Three Dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and ratios Equation of a line in space Angle between two lines Shortest distance between lines Line of shortest distance

Linear Programming

Linear programming problems

Probability (Class 12)

Conditional probability Multiplication theorem Independent events Bayes’ theorem Probability distribution

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower: a fascinating organ Pre-fertilisation: structures and events Double fertilisation Post-fertilisation: structures and events Apomixis and polyembryony

Human Reproduction

The male reproductive system The female reproductive system Gametogenesis Menstrual cycle Fertilisation and implantation Pregnancy and embryonic development Parturition and lactation

Reproductive Health

Reproductive health: problems and strategies Population stabilisation and birth control Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Infertility and assisted reproduction

Alternating Current

Series LCR circuit Power in ac circuits Transformers

Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current Electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic spectrum

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Spherical mirrors Refraction Experiment: glass slab Total internal reflection Lenses Experiment: focal lengths Prism Experiment: prism i–δ graph Optical instruments

Wave Optics

Huygens principle Refraction and reflection by Huygens principle Coherent and incoherent addition Young’s double-slit experiment Diffraction Polarisation Brewster’s law

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Electron emission Photoelectric effect Experimental study of the photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect and the wave theory Einstein’s photoelectric equation Photon Wave nature of matter

Atoms

Rutherford’s nuclear model Atomic spectra Bohr model Line spectra of hydrogen De Broglie and Bohr’s postulate

Nuclei

Composition of the nucleus Size of the nucleus Binding energy Nuclear force Radioactivity Nuclear energy

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Metals, insulators and semiconductors Intrinsic semiconductor Extrinsic semiconductor p-n junction Semiconductor diode Junction diode as a rectifier Zener diode LED, photodiode and solar cell Experiment: identifying components Logic gates